128. Words consisting of more than two syllables, the first of which is terminated by Dagésh, will receive the Euphonic accent on that syllable: as, and they heard, Gen. iii. 8; inge

TT:JT

on the morrow, Ib. xix. 34; n the knife, Ib. xxii. 6.* 2. This will also hold good when the Dagésh is omitted: as, and he felt him, Ib. xxvii. 22; which covereth, Exod. xxix. 13, &c. In all these cases Shěvá is initial; and, consequently, any one of the letters, which may happen to follow, will retain its aspiration: as, the abhorrers, Mic. iii. 9. Hence is to be pronounced Halělú, not Hallú. Something of the same kind is observable in the words and

129. When any one of the substitutes of Shěvá happens to be preceded by a vowel, that vowel will receive the Euphonic accent: as, let us make, Gen. i. 26; 1 faithful, Numb. xii. 7; his tent, Gen. xiii. 3; the ground, Ib. i. 25;

T: IT

□ crying out (pl.), Ib. iv. 10;

missed thee, Ib. xxxi. 27.

and I would have dis

2. When the substitute of Shěvá, moreover, is resolved into its homogeneous imperfect vowel (Art. 106. 2.), the Euphonic accent will still remain: as, thy sandal, Isa. xx. 2; 7

shall fear, Hos. xi. 10.

and they

130. When any imperfect vowel at the beginning of a word, precedes a () Shěvá not accompanied by Dagésh forte, it will, for the most part, have the Euphonic accent: as, inen its coupling, Exod. xxxix. 20; they bowed themselves down, Jer. viii. 2; they broke off, Exod. xxxii. 8; becoming Jews, Esth. viii. 17.

IT: 1

יהיה Hence we have תִּהְיֶה

,, &c., from the verbs become, and

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1:: 1-9

live. But, in these cases, the accents do not interfere with the syllabication (See Art. 43.).

131. On some occasions, other accents are found to occupy the situation of Métheg. These are, Münákh, Kadmá, Mercá: and the pieces of wood, Gen. xxii. 7; 1

as,

Exod. vii. 7;

J

and the priest, Levit. vii. 8;

and Aaron, ? of

* The Student must not be surprised, if he finds the different editions of

the Bible vary on these points.

Malchiel, Numb. xxvi. 45. In these cases we have Munákh or Kadmá in the place of Métheg, followed by Zaképh Katón. In so they proceed, Numb. xxii. 7, Kadmá is followed by Géresh; and, Ib. xxxii. 39, we have it again, coupled with Métheg, in some editions: as,, which, with many similar examples, is perhaps to be ascribed to the carelessness, hurry, or whims, of the copyists.

2. In the following examples we have Mercáin the place of Methég: as, like the stars, Exod. xxxii. 13;

so he hides him, Exod. ii. 12.† In these cases Mercá is found with Tiphkhá for its tonic accent.

3. In a few instances Yérakhor Yethivis found in the place of Métheg; as, is from their counsels, Ps. v. 11;

IT <

whom it (fem.) loves, Cant. 1. 7. In the last case, however, stands for, and may therefore take any tonic accent. In numerous cases, as the student will find, many of these rules are never applied; and, in many others, as already remarked, the printed copies of the Hebrew Bible differ, as do also the MSS. In many too, neither the syllabication nor the sense of the passage, is affected by these accents, whence it should seem probable, that they have been added merely for the purpose of regulating the tone of voice in reading or chanting the text.

On the Use and Position of MAKKAPH.

132. Learned men are not agreed whether this mark is, or is not, to be ranked among the accents. Some have argued that it ought, because it is always found to supply the place of an accent. Others, again, that it ought not; because it is universally found to deprive the word to which it is attached of its toneaccent. That it is equivalent in effect to an accent, I think, both parties allow and, if I mistake not, its depriving the word to which it has been attached of its tone-accent, seems to make for the hypothesis, that it ought to be considered as performing the functions of such accent. It seems to me, therefore, but a loss of time to argue against its being termed an accent.

* In some editions ?i? regularly.

↑ Which is also with Métheg in some editions.

Rules for its Use and Insertion.

133. Words immediately connected with each other, either in signification or by grammatical construction, are frequently connected by Makkápk, the former being then deprived of its toneaccent: as, Jehovah's word, Amos ii. 16; pure of heart, Prov. xxii. 11; and he pitched (his tent) there; 1921 a little son, 2 Sam. ix. 12; 12 one son, 1 Sam. xxii. 20; every high thing, Job xli. 26; ini it

shall limit it, Josh. xviii. 20;

even to her husband,

lest thou speak with בֶּן־תְּדַבֵּר עִם־יַעֲקֹב מִטְוֹב עַד־רָע ;6 .Gen. iii

Jacob (any thing) from good to bad, Gen. xxxi. 24;

which

he called, Gen. xxvi. 18. So, 17 a garden in Eden, Gen. ii. 8; come hither, Ib. xix. 9; - he came to sojourn, Ib.; 27 and the evening was, Ib. i. 5, &c., to which many others might be added, in which two, three, or even four words, are thus connected (see Art. 65.). In all these cases, last word only in the connection will have the tone-accent.

the

2. Since then the tone-accent is in all these cases taken away, words so connected, ending in a perfect mutable vowel, and followed by a consonant, will generally take the correspondent imperfect one in that syllable: as, every high thing, instead of

mbą bb;

member, pray, Isa. xxxviii. 3, for;

grity, Psalm xxxvii. 37, for D (Art. 124.).

preserve inte

3. In the following and similar cases, the terminating vowel of the preceding word is immutable: as, in the daughters of Lot, Gen. xix. 36; great (in) hunting, Gen. x. 9; in-bip?? it (the Jordan) shall limit it; David's heart,

.

2 Sam. xxiv. 10, where is put for ; An the giving of its (fem.) strength, Gen. iv. 12, being put for 4. We have, however, Prov. xxii. 15,

in the heart of -, and, Ib. 15,

-, which, with similar instances, may perhaps be referred to the carelessness of the copyists.*

* The most complete list of these exceptions is given in the second volume

of the Heb. Gram. by Guarin, pp. 320-1, 2.

134. Makkáph is inserted in the following cases :—

1. Particles, which from their nature can never have a distinctive* accent, are mostly connected with other words by the

בְּתָם־לְבָבִי ;even to her husband גַּם־לְאִישָׁהּ ,mark Makkaph: as

in the integrity of my heart, Gen. xx. 5, &c.

2. When words are to be construed together the tone-accents of which would concur; i. e. when the accent of the preceding word is on the last syllable, and the following word is either a monosyllable or a dissyllable having the accent on the penultimate, then, in order to avoid such concurrence (Art. 120.), such words are to be connected by Makkáph: as, its seed (is) within itself, Gen.

,so he embraced him וַיְחַבֶּק־לוֹ וַיְבַשֶׁק־לוֹ So .זַרְעוֹ בוֹ i. 11, instead of

and kissed him, Ib. xxix. 13, instead of p, &c.;

so evening was, and morning was, Ib. i. 5, instead of 27, &c. The remaining rules, usually given by the grammarians, may be resolved into one or other of the preceding.

3. In any of the above cases, the Euphonic accent may be appended to the former of such words, according to the rules already laid down (Art. 126, &c.).

*See the last Lecture in this work.

LECTURE V.

ON THE CHANGES WHICH TAKE PLACE IN THE TERMINATIONS OF WORDS, IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE FROM THE MASCULINE GENDER; OF THE DUAL OR PLURAL FROM THE SINGULAR NUMBER; AND OF THE STATE OF DEFINITE CONSTRUCTION.

Of the Formation of the Feminine from the Masculine Gender.

135. It should be premised that in the Hebrew Language there are but two genders, viz. the Masculine, and the Feminine.

as,

2. The Masculine is generally restricted to nouns signifying the proper names or offices of men: 71 David; y Uzza; he or he a governor ; pa preacher, &c., whatever be their termination.

IT

3. Also to words signifying People, Rivers, Mountains,

; Sinai סִינַי ; Jordan יַרְבֶּן ; Israel יִשְׂרָאֵל,or Months : as

IP Nisán, &c., without reference to their termination.

4. Words ending in any radical letter (not included in No. 5.), also those ending in preceded by (-), and others terminating in ", D, or 1, servile, will be of the masculine gender: as, 777 a word; pp dominion;

; a Hebrew עִבְרִי ; vision מַרְאֶה ;a plain, or field שָׂדֶה

Die redemption; a table; 17 an offering.*

אֲשׁוּר ; a viper אֶפְעֶה ;a bowl אַבֶּן ; a stone אֶבֶן : The exceptions are *

אַשְׁוּר

post; pan;

called;

a step, pace; a well; a corn-floor; a sword;

or

a stake,

a vessel so called: a full cup; a talent; nan a frying

light;

חֲמוֹר ;world

a bed;
an ass;

a sandal;

flour;

the north;

a morsel;

bread;

a shield;

a cloud; a star so

a quail; an the the evening, which are

all feminine.