Examples in which the Relative Pronoun is used as a

Conjunction.*

(QUOD) he (was) intelligent, 1 Sam. xviii. 15; y s (because) THAT David did what (was)

right, &c., i. e. eo quod fecit, &c., 1 Kings xv. 5;

and the dust returns to the earth הֶעָפָר עַל־הָאָרֶץ כְּשֶׁהָיָה

like WHAT it was, Eccl. xii. 7.

2. Of adverbs, prepositions, &c. simple or compound: 7277 UNLESS TRULY he have taken, Amos iii. 4; nap a consequence THAT thou hast despised me, i. e. because that, &c. 2 Sam. xii. 10;

DA CONSEQUENCE OF THAT WHICH (ejus quod) Abraham hath heard my voice, Gen. xxvi. 5.

until that which, Jonah עַד אֲשֶׁר ; 21 .until, Ruth ii עַד אִם So

iv. 5;

upon that which, whereupon, Deut. xxix. 24; p by Id., Jud. iii. 12; upon the affair which; because; Deut. xxi. 14; beneath that which; because;

Prov. i. 29; 19? for the purpose of which; because; &c. Ezek. xx. 26. To these a great number of others may be added. 3. The following passages are apparently elliptical, but really not so, when the force of the particles is seen: D'Y?? ?? ? - they have strengthened the hands of the evil doers, on account of their not having returned, &c., i. e., because they have not returned from their evil ways, Jer. xxiii. 14.

לא

The word deficiency, &c. is very nearly equivalent to not, the particle is added as before (Art. 241.): and the verb is manifestly in the preterite tense. The sense seems to be, that it is because none have returned from their evil ways, that the hands of sinners have been so much strengthened; and not, that none may return, the sense usually taken. So Is. xiv. 6, 7 Day nee e ne who strikes the people in wrath, a stroke (that) hath

* But in many cases stands in the place of a subordinate nominative absolute. See Art. 216. 13.

NOT departed. Here is evidently in the definite state of construction with, to which is added as a verb; and, as it is contrary to the genius of every Oriental language to negative the noun, the force of this negative combination must eventually influence the verb thus," a stroke without having passed away," i. e. continual. So we say in English, in-finite, never-ending, and the like, when we wish to express the indefinite continuity of any thing. In like manner: Deut. viii. 20, BECAUSE (that)

you will NOT hear; or, of your not hearing; taking as a noun signifying deficiency, lack, want, or the like. See also Gen. xxii. 16, xxvii. 5, xxxviii. 11, Num. xi. 20, 1 Kings xxii. 42, Ps. cxix. 136. And more particularly with Infinitives or verbal nouns, Num. xiv. 16, Judg. vi. 18, Is. xlviii. 4, lx. 15, 2 Chron. xxviii. 6.

4. It is not meant to be affirmed, however, that this sort of construction is universally adhered to. The truth is, it is very much left to the writer either to express himself thus, or to employ a greater number of words; and what is most remarkable, we sometimes find both methods adopted in the same context: e. g.

עד

THAT (time in) WHICH the heat of thy brother shall turn away : UNTIL THE TURNING AWAY of thy brother's anger from thee: AND (until) HE HAVE FORGOTTEN, &c. Gen. xxvii. 44-5; ...

....

three ON ACCOUNT of their despising the law of Jehovah, and (on the account that) they have not kept his statutes, Amos ii. 4.See also 1 Sam. iv. 19, 1 Kings xviii. 18, Is. x. 2, xxx. 12, xxxvii. 29, Jer. vii. 13. So the word not yet, is found twice in Zeph. ii. 2, with 7.

לא

;

5. It is the opinion of Schroederus (R. 105.), that 1 lest, and Dif, surely, &c. imply an ellipsis of some other word or words: as, an (I will take care) lest thou take away, &c., Gen. xxxi. 31. I can see no necessity for this. The real meaning of the word is, seeing, observing, or the like, from the root and if so, the passage may be rendered thus: I feared, for I said, SEEING THOU (mightest) TAKE AWAY, &c. So in the other passage cited, viz. 2 Kings ii. 16, in is SEEING (that) the Spirit of Jehovah (might) HAVE TAKEN HIM up. respect to the particle : 2 Sam. xi. 11,

רוּחַ יְהוָה

So also with

SO) SURELY shall I do this thing? And again, Gen. xxiv. 37, 38,

B B

swore me, saying, Take not a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanite, in whose land I dwell: SURELY not. Go thou to my father's house, &c. And at v. 41, in RE IN

free from my oath (i. e.), when thou shalt come to my kindred, and (upon the condition that,-putting the matter on this issue) they will SURELY NOT give her to thee, then shalt thou be free from my oath, i. e. from the oath which I made thee swear.

6. There is perhaps no real ellipsis in any one of the passages in which this particle is found. This, however, will depend very much on the signification which we attach to it, and on the nature of the construction in which it is found; both of which we shall now endeavour to explain.

7. If we derive this particle from 1 firm, steady, permanent, and hence, sure, surely, true, trust-worthy, faithful, and the like, and suppose it to be of the primitive form P (see Art. 151.), which will make the elision of the necessary (Art. 76.), then we shall have meaning, surely, truly, certainly, &c. which is perhaps its real force in every instance.

8. We have seen (Art. 237, note), that in hypothetical sentences, enunciations are generally made as of facts, not as of opinions. If then we propose the certainty of one fact, with some strong asseveration in one member of a sentence, and compare another with it as equally certain of occurrence in another, we shall do nothing more than what is always done in oaths in the Hebrew, when this word is employed in one of the members. In some cases these constructions will imply a negation, and hence this particle has been often so interpreted.* There is a passage, viz. Ruth iii. 12, which seems

3

ان

* It is very nearly allied in signification and usage to the Arabic or which will occasionally involve a negation, and always an asseveration: but

more nearly in form top, which is thought to be derived from a word,

حقا

343

بالحق

signifying root, origin, &c. In like manner or surely in or by the

truth, is used in the Arabic in swearing. See Gol. Lex. sub. voce. According

וְעַתָּה כִּי אָמְנָם כִּי אִם בְּאֵל :to confirm the etymology just given

and now that (it is) true: for Truly,' surely, I am a Goel, or near kinsman. This word has been rejected by the Masorets in this passage, but without any good reason for doing so. In this place, and perhaps in most others, the words and may be substituted the one for the other, and the sense will remain perfectly

וְאַף-אָמְנָם שָׁגִיתִי אִתִּי תָּלִין מְשׁוּבָתִי,5 .the same: e. g. Job xix

...

as

and even (let it be) TRUE, SURE, (that) I have erred, with myself lodges my error. So Is. iv. 4, 5, 77... &c. ... 278 V07 ON TRULY the Lord shall wash then shall Jehovah certainly create, &c. And in Job xix. 5, 6, we have both these particles occurring together, either for the purpose of strengthening the asseveration, or for qualifying both the prodosis and apodosis found in the con

*ŋy mibg- iDN, &c.. SURELY, ye TRULY, or CONSTANTLY, magnify yourselves, or speak great things against me, and contend against me (to) my reproach; (so) know ye now, that God hath bent me (down), &c.

9. The following example seems to involve a negation:

c. (as) the life of& חֵי פַרְעֹה אִם־תֵּצְאוּ מִזֶּה כִּי אִם־בְּבוֹא אֲחִיכֶם

Pharaoh (exists), (so) TRULY shall ye go forth hence, but ESPECIALLY, TRULY, REALLY, upon the coming in of your brother, Gen. xlii. 15. That is, as certainly as the one thing exists, the other being made to appear equally so, no less certain shall your liberation be but not before this condition is complied with. On this principle, I think, every instance in which this particle occurs can be solved. That it is redundant, or that it has been omitted by the

to Mr. de Sacy, this particle is negative when the verb preceding it implies negation. Gram. Arab., vol. ii., Art. 667. In the examples following, however, in which he has treated it as a pleonasm, he has entirely mistaken its force, especially as he himself has cited the Arabians in Art. 671, giving it the

توکید title of

or corroboration. In every instance given by him, certainly, surely, most certainly, or the like, will supply the sense of the passage. See Art. 651-2.668: i. e. putting the case either positively, or negatively, some consequence will, or will not, certainly come to pass; which is a kind of swearing. But more on this subject in a tract which I intend shortly to publish.

ellipsis, as affirmed by Noldius, p. 69, &c. I deny: because every passage adduced by him can be accounted for, without having recourse to those suppositions.

10. From what has been said on the use and signification of some of these words, it will be easy to conceive how they may be used, either in their simple or compound state, for the purpose of connecting together such parts of a discourse, as the speaker or writer may wish should be considered in connection with one an

he created the בָּרָא אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ .other : e. g

heavens AND the earth, Gen. i. 1. So in the next verse:

a) in 71 K AND (as to) the earth, it was emptiness AND a vacuity, &c. in which these particles are said to be Copulative; in others they are said to be Disjunctive (better, Distinctive), Conditional, Causal, or Conclusive, according to the signification of the passage in which they are found. The following are a few examples of each case.

Examples of Copulative Conjunctions.

it is a good, THAT טוֹב אֲשֶׁר־יָפֶה לֶאֱכוֹל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת .11

one becomingly eat and drink, &c. Eccl. v. 17;

and he was ruddy WITH וְהוּא אַדְמוֹנִי עַם־יְפֵה עֵינַיִם

(being) beautiful of eyes, 1 Sam. xvi. 12; 77 an 1 &c. AND he gave it to David, EVEN his garments AND EVEN TO his sword, &c. Ib. xviii. 4.

See also Gen. vii. 23. In many cases there is an apparent excess in the use of the copulative conjunctions, which has been termed by the Grammarians ToλUσúveεTOV, see Gen. xxv. 34, xliii. 8, Jos. vii. 11, 2 Kings ii. 14, Ps. cvii. 37, &c. and in the New Testament, John x, 27, 28, 1 Cor. xiii. 1, 2, 3, &c. perhaps to excite attention only. See Art. 222. 7.

12. In other instances they are omitted, for the purpose of exhibiting the order of events, &c. the more closely or rapidly in succession, as in the Latin, "Veni, vidi, vici," &c. See