has remarked long ago (see Art. 171. 11. note), that such is the office of this particle. His illustration is the sentence, Judah killed Simeon ; where he says, that the particle being omitted, it could not be known which is the subjective, or which the objective, case to the verb. This would indeed be the case in this and all similar passages; and, I believe, this is one of the offices of this particle, and perhaps of all the others so situated. The other particles have, moreover, the force of defining the relation, which the action of the verb has, with reference to the word or words which designate its object, either directly or indirectly e. g. construed with will signify, he walked towards; with or 1 from; with? before; with or after, and so on. Situated, then, as this and other particles are, in immediate connection with verbs, they ought to be considered as pointing out the objective, or some such case of the noun affected by them and hence it is, that the particle has been said to mark the objective case in active, and the nominative (which is really the objective case) in passive, verbs.* 9. This particle, however, is often found without any such preceding verb; and, in these cases, it seems intended strongly to impress upon the mind the force of the word immediately following it, as being of considerable importance. Of this character is the following passage, to which many more might be added: As To the pillar of the cloud, it passed not אֶת־עַמוּד הֶעָנָן לֹא־סָר away, Neh. ix. 19. The verb following is manifestly not passive; , therefore, does not point out an objective case; on the contrary, it is found in apposition with the nominative of a verb in the active voice, and apparently for the purpose of impressing that word on the reader's mind, as of considerable importance. In most cases, as to, with reference to, or the like, will express its real force: e. g. God created (I speak) WITH REFERENCE to the heavens, &c. So he walked about, i. e. daily exercised himself (I say) WITH REFERENCE to God, Gen. v. 22; and he went out (i. e.) WITH RESPECT to *The Bengali particle Kē is used for a similar purpose, as is also the Persian. See Professor Haughton's Bengáli Gram. Art. 90, 91, 92. Sir W. Jones's Pers. Gram., Edit. 9. p. 111. the city,* Exod. ix. 33. That is, generally, any person or thing strongly recommended to the attention of the reader, may, whether it be in the situation of a nominative or objective case, be pointed out by introducing the particle N. See Hosea ii. 23. 24. 10. In the examples (n. 3.) we have both the immediate and mediate connection of a verb or verbal noun with its complementary words. And here, it will be seen, that had not the particle been prefixed to the last, some ambiguity might have arisen, as to the precise sense in which it ought to be taken: or, in ל * Schroderus has endeavoured to explain this sort of construction, by having recourse to a metonymy, by which he says, intransitive verbs take the signification and construction of transitive ones (Synt. R. 69.). For my part, I can see no necessity for this; nor, for introducing the doctrine about nominative, accusative, or other cases in conformity with the usage of the Latin and Greek grammars, which in fact drove Schroderus to this expedient. In Hebrew we have no cases. Why then should we talk about something which has no existence, and then coin rule after rule in order to explain it? But, if we can conceive these particles to possess the same defining character which they do when coming between nouns in construction or apposition (see Art. 219), we shall have no difficulty in perceiving, why they are sometimes omitted, or else used the one for the other: e. g. 192 so they enter the land of Canaan, Gen. xlv. 25, for 1 into the land of Canaan; to the city, 2 Sam. xv. 27; by return (to) the city, for nibing 177) Day they ascend the heavens, they descend the deeps, Ps. cvii. 26. In all which cases, the latter word in the construction may be considered as merely specific, as in the case of nouns of number, weight, measure, &c. In other instances the particles will vary; as, 1 Kings i. 51; ribby "ap Nhe feared the king—he feared from before Solomon, Ib. 50. And Ps. lv. 20, they fear God, without a particle. So, with N, he went out (into) the city, 2 Kings xx. 4; :T ;28 .Num. xxi יָצְאָה מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן ;18 .he went out to the altar, Lev. xvi הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מִפִּי Ib. xvii. 11. With יָצָא מִלִפְנֵי יְהוָה ; 35 .Num. xvi יָצְאָה מֵאֵת יְהוָה Est. vii. 8, compare viii. 15; 7 Gen. xliv. 4, &c. As to in Neh. ix. 19. we have apparently the ellipsis of some such verb as I speak, mean, &c., and, in this view, the case will identify itself with the Arabic con ie. what comprehends a condition ما اضمر علي شريطة التفسير struction termed of explanation, as ¿şɲò; (as to) Zaid, I struck him, Zaid, I passsed by him. See Jami's Com. on Ibn Ulhájib, p. 17y, &c. (as to) other words, as to the precise relation of the latter, to the two former, words. The same has been remarked of words in the state of mediate apposition and construction. The principle in each case is one and the same. 11. With respect to the causative verbs, If we suppose them to be actually composed of two words; which, according to our system, is always the case with Hiphhil and Hophhál, we shall readily perceive why two complementary, or restricting, words would be necessary to complete the idea contained in each of them. This is what grammarians usually term a double accusative, just as they do verbs, doubly transitive. It is curious enough to remark, that when such verbs become passive, the object of one of them will stand as its nominative, that of the other as the accusative: for this reason, viz. that one of the verbs only in the compound takes the passive character, the other remains active e. g. Lev. xiii. 49, as above, Fac eam videri à sacerdote. This is still more evident in the Arabic, where we have اطعمت ابنك terminations marking these cases: e. g. active, mebl I caused thy son to eat flesh; passive, blthy son was caused to cat bread. See M. de Sacy's Gram. Arab., vol. ii. p. 101. In the other species, viz. Piḥél, and Pūḥál, the accessory idea may be considered as equivalent to an additional word. 12. Of the other examples nothing need be said: the particles introduced are only such as the various relations of the words to each other seem to require, in order to present to the mind of the reader the various circumstances which the writer wished to detail; but without these, all must have been error and confusion. 13. What has been here said of the verbs is true of all the verbal nouns, whether of the Infinitive or Participial kind; i. e. the complementary or defining word may be put either in the state of apposition mediate or immediate, or in that of definite construction. The former cases have been sufficiently exemplified; the following are a few instances of the latter. בִּימֵי ,Of infinitives מְדִי ;1 .in the days of the judges judging, Ruth i שְׁפָט הַשֹׁפְטִים xxxi. 20; from the abundance of my speaking against him, Jer. the doing of judgment, and the loving of עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וְאַהֲבַת חֶסֶד piety, Mic. vi. 8. Of Participles, seekers of my soul, and followers out of my evil, Ps. xxxviii. 13; Nữ 2712 carriers of the shield, and treaders of the bow, 2 Chron. xiv. 7; a restorer of the soul, ne an instructor of the simple, delighters of the heart, &c., Ps. xix. 8, 9. See also Gen. ix. 10, xxiii. 10, xxxi. 16, 2 Sam. v. 8, Is. xxxviii. 18, liii. 4, Lam. i. 4, Joel i. 8, Ps. xxxviii. 6, Cant. ii. 5, &c. With pronouns, Ps. xxxvii. 2, Prov. ii. 9, ix. 18, &c. On apparently Elliptical Constructions. 230. Some active,* neuter, and all passive verbs, being such as to include within themselves the idea required for their object, complement, or other restriction, will stand in need of no other for that purpose, when their influence is simple; but, when it is various, the connection will be either immediate or mediate, as before. In the one case, the connection may be termed Implicit, in the others, Explicit. N. B. This has been usually styled by the Grammarians, "Constructio prægnans." a thou hast not made abundance or gain, Psalm xliv. 13. לֹא :Examples i-ba This is an instance in which the influence may be said to be simple and implicit; but, when we add by their price, it is various, and necessarily explicit; and we have the particle ≥ introduced for the purpose of pointing this out. So PN it hath not struck root into the earth, Is. xl. 24. x. 18, Josh. xxiv. 20, &c. So become ye clean, Gen. xxxv. 2. See also Ib. xxv. 22. 2. Of this character are the following examples, which See Jer. cleanse yourselves, or rather, * These are for the most part verbs of the Pihel and Hiphḥil species, which have been formed from substantive nouns, Art. 154. 8. 157. 5, &c. See Glass. Philol., Ed. Dathe, pp. 185-254, &c. Storr, p. 15, &c. For similar instances in the Arabic, see Mr. de Sacy's Gram., vol. ii. Art. 653-657. See also Bos. Ellipses Græcæ, Ed. 1813, p. 2. Freytag's Hamasa, p. •, line 22. Ludolf. Gram. Eth., p. 32, 3. Y HE have usually been considered as impersonal: became hot to himself (or, HEAT became hot to him), let IT not become hot אַל־יִחַר בְּעֵינֵי אֲדֹנָי ;8 .Ps. xviii (i. e. let not heat exist) xxxi. 35; 7 xxi. 12; 77777 in the eyes of my Lord, Gen. let not EVIL be in thy eyes, Ib. and (pressure) pressed upon David, 1 Sam. xxx. 6; 5* (rain) rains not upon it, Amos iv. 7. 3. So with passive verbs and participles; as, 1720! Ni so they said, IT has become desperate, Jer. xviii. 12. THE MATTER has become דָּבָר נוֹאַשׁ or ,אֹמֶר נוֹאַשׁ .i. e desperate; IT became very tempestuous, Ps. 1. 3, i. e. the tempest became so; Ty TN which IT has been imposed as slavery upon thee, Isa. xiv. 3, i. e. before; the slavery mentioned just which had been caused to be born to him, Gen. xxxv. 26, i. e. the sons mentioned just in which IT shall be spoken respect before; ing her, Cant. viii. 8, i. e. 777 a word. See also Gen. iv. 26, x. 25, xlvi. 22, Is. xxiii. 1, Lam. v. 5, Job xxx. 15. And with participles, Is. xxvi. 3, Ps. lxxxvii. 3. 4. Hence it is, that in many instances the word necessary to complete or qualify the sense of the verb, is frequently omitted by the ellipsis: e. g. 1 not borne to him, i. e. a son, Gen. xvi. sent, i. e. a messenger, Ib. xli. 14; 7 i. e. wealth, Ps. xxxix. 7. 1; T:IT she had so he he accumulated, See also Ps. lxxvi. 12, 1 Sam. viii. 15, &c. The same often takes place in words of common occurrence: as, ♫ he cut, or made, * This would universally be so supplied in the Persian |