also to, or from, what place I am thus proceeding; or, for what purpose, &c. The same will hold good of all attributives.* A man may be said to be swift generally, or swift on foot, swift in the chase,—in the pursuit of an enemy, to revenge,-to do good or evil, or a thousand other things, which it may be necessary for a Writer or Speaker to state.

2. All verbs are necessarily attributive in signification; and, from what we have seen, as to their etymology, there is strong reason to suspect that they are composed of nothing more than nouns put in a state of conjugation or combination with one or other of the pronouns. If, then, attributive nouns will necessarily stand in need of such complementary words in order to complete or modify the sentences in which they are found, the same must necessarily be true of the same words, when found in the form of verbs. Usually, however, this has been stated by saying, that nouns derived from verbs are subject to the same mode of construction with the verbs from which they descend. I prefer the contrary method of stating this question; because I can see why nouns, as such, require this kind of construction; of verbs we know nothing, on the other supposition.

3. We have seen that nouns substantive or attributive may be qualified by the addition of other words, either in a state of apposition, of definite construction, immediate or mediate, or absolutely, just as the signification of such word shall require, or as the intention of the Writer may be. The same is the case with verbs whether active, passive, transitive, intransitive, or

* So in Is. xiii. 19, and Amos iv. 11, we have construed as a verb; and in Infinitives and Participial nouns this is done regularly.

neuter which are distinctions arising purely out of the signification of the primitive word or noun.*

4. In treating of the complements or qualifying words of substantives and attributives, we adopted the terms Immediate and Mediate as best suited to our purpose on that occasion. We shall use the same now, because they are sufficiently easy and intelligible, and because it will be interesting to find the same principles prevailing throughout every part of this Language.

5. The influence then of any noun or verb (arising out of its signification, or the intention of the Writer,) may extend to one or more subsequent words with some variation of the sense in each; e. g. I may say as before, "I am riding a horse." Here I would term the influence of the verb riding, Simple, because it affects one object only, which is here "a horse." But, if I say, "I rode a horse towards the city at full speed," then I should term the influence of the verb Various, because the subsequent terms are variously affected by it. I prefer this method of considering the influence of verbs, &c. because the Latin cases of nominative, genitive, accusative, &c. as taken by Schroderus and others, are ill calculated to convey just notions on this subject; and, because these distinctions are perfectly foreign to this language. The truth is, the words added here, as in the rules already given, are nothing more than terms added for the purpose of defining, &c. the signification of such verb, and may be resolved by recurring into one or other of those rules.

* Let it be remembered, however, some verbs which are at one time transitive, will at another be intransitive, in these languages; so, yo he struck with his foot, or kicked. See Ludolf. Gram. Eth., p. 32. ed. 1702. Freytag's Hamasa, p.

229. Having determined then, whether the signification of any verb or verbal noun, is to be taken actively or passively, (Art. 146. 8. note.) the influence of its action or passion, considered with reference to the subsequent terms in immediate or mediate connection with it, will always be either Simple or Various, just as the signification of such verb shall require, or, as the intention of the Writer or Speaker may be.-Examples of active verbs and verbal nouns in immediate connection with the following term, and where the influence is, consequently, simple; Dy let us make, MAN, Gen. i. 26; ni yni seeding, or producing, SEED, Ib. 29.

2. In mediate connection, and where the influence is

God created THE בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם : also simple

HEAVENS, Gen. i. 1; 787-... 87 and he saw...

.. בֵּין הָאוֹר וּבֵין הַחֹשֶׁךְ ;4 .THE LIGHT, Ib and he וַיַּבְדֵּל

...

divided... BETWEEN the light and BETWEEN the darkness,

and he called the LIGHT וַיִּקְרָא לָאוֹר ... וְלַחֹשֶׁךְ קָרָא ; .Ib

and THE DARKNESS he called. . . . Ib. 5; ra baạn

DA (a thing) dividing BETWEEN the waters, Ib. 6.

3. Both in immediate and mediate connection, and where the influence is various: in (a tree) producing FRUIT, ACCORDING TO ITS KIND, Gen. i. 11;

,herb) producing SEED AFTER its KIND) מַזְרִיעַ זֶרַע לְמִינֵהוּ

Ib. 12.

Note. The proper office of the particles is, to point

out the precise character of this influence.

The verb construed with will signify either to have, or to become, according to the context: e. g.

man had flocks, 2 Sam. xii. 2;

i. e. the waters, Exod. iv. 9.

the rich

so they shall become blood,

4. Where the connection is mediate, and the influence

of the heavens, FOR giving light UPON the earth, and it

and they shall be rot lights Is the firmament וַיְהִי־כֵן:

וַיִּתֵּן אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים בִּרְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמַיִם לְהָאִיר ;15 .ras so, Gen. i עַל־הָאָרֶץ: וְלִמְשֹׁל בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַיְלָה וּלְהַבְדִּיל בֵּין הָאוֹר וּבֵין and God placed THEM IN הַחֹשֶׁךְ וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי־טוֹב:

the firmament of the heavens FOR giving light UPON the earth, and FOR ruling OVER the day and OVER the night, and FOR dividing BETWEEN the light and BETWEEN the darkness. And God saw THAT (it was) good, Ib. 17, 18.

5. In causative and other doubly transitive verbs, the influence will necessarily be various: e. g. Thǝbhi 12 and I caused HER to walk THE DESERT, Hos.

who causes THE SOLITARY ones מוֹשִׁיב יְחִידִים בַּיְתָה ;6 .ii

to possess A HOUSE, Ps. lxviii. 7. In these instances the connection is immediate: in the following, it is both

and he caused WORD to be returned TO THE KING, 1 Kings

וַיָּשֶׁב .... אֶת־הַמֶּלֶךְ דָּבָר .immediate and mediate : e. g

he taught KNOWLEDGE To the לְמַד דַּעַת אֶת־הָעָם ;30 .ii let them cause יַשְׁמִיעוּ דְבָרַי אֶת־עַמִּי ; 9 .people, Eccl. xii

MY PEOPLE to hear MY WORDS, Jer. xxiii. 22.

6. In the following the connection is miscellaneous,

so God says, Let the waters be gathered FROM BENEATH the heavens To one place, and let the dry land appear, and it becomes so, Gen. i. 9; 11* then let it be shewn TO THE priest, Lev. xiii. 49; 777 which thou wast shewn IN the mount, Exod. xxvi. 30; thou shalt not cause THEM to be NIO - JAI

worshipped, Exod. xx. 5, xxiii. 24;

* The particles mostly used with passive verbs, however, are and . See Gen. xiv. 19, Is. i. 26, lxii. 4, Ezek. xiv. 3, Neh. vi. 1, 1 Chron. v. 20, &c.

let it be given (i. e.) this land to thy servants, Num. xxxii. 5.

See also Gen. xxvii. 42, 2 Sam. xxi. 6, Jer. xxxv. 14, &c.

Observations.

7. A little consideration will enable any one to see, that the construction must in all cases very much depend on the intention of the Writer. It is true, certain constructions only are allowed, because they have been generally adopted, and these are to be known only from long and constant practice in the language, or, from the use of the Concordance: but, in general, the principle is in the Hebrew, as it is in the English: viz. that the significations of words will always be influenced by those with which they are connected. A few remarks on the examples given will make all plain. In the first we have let us make man. Here, the word man may be said to be in immediate connection with the preceding word, and to qualify or restrict its signification, just as

אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה forty, in the phrase אַרְבָּעִים year does the word שָׁנָה

forty year (Art. 227. 3.); or, as the English word year does the word forty, in the same example, absolutely, as it regards the gram

5

matical construction, and, therefore, just as the ji, e. the specific

This would be

construction does in the Arabic (Art. 219, note). exemplified in that language, by what is termed a juxta-position,

thus المفعول به or النصب نصنع انسانا : thus المفعول به انسانا

or

where, لنصنع

the last or qualifying word is nothing more than a j, i. e. specification, with reference to the signification of the verb. The next

example (Art. 229.) is perfectly parallel to the Arabic

حسن

وجها

or 4 handsome (of) face. See Art. 225. note.

8. The next case (Art. 229. 2.) affords an instance of mediate connection, that is, where we have the particle falling between the verb and its complementary or restricting term, for the purpose of shewing, that the following, not the preceding, word is to be construed as complementary to the signification of the verb. Kimkhi