there is not a GOD besides him, &c. In all such cases as the above, then, we have a Nominative absolute (Art. 216. 10.), or a Subject attended by its predicate, e. g. as to Jehovah, (he is) a merciful and gracious God and so of the rest in which the subsequent words may also be considered as specific (Art. 217. 4.). 3. In all cases, in which both the subject and predicate are made definite, we have nothing more or less than nouns in immediate apposition, where the following ones may be considered as specificatives as before and hence the rules relating to the concordance of the subject with the predicate will also hold good here. 4. The construction of apparent nominatives with their verbs, has been shewn to be nothing more than nouns, &c., in immediate apposition with the real nominatives, and which must always agree with them either in a logical or formal point of view. Of Words in Immediate Apposition with one another. 219. When two or more substantives, or attributives used as substantives, are in Apposition, one or more of them may be considered as occupying the place of adjectives in other languages.* Examples of immediate * Nouns put in apposition, may, as already observed, be considered in two points of view: the one may be termed Identity; as in the phrase Di nin Jehovah Elohim; the other, Specification, as in the instances above. This last is termed by the Arabian Grammarians specification, التمييز هو نكرة ۴۹ .and is thus explained in the Hidayat oon Nahwe, p تذكر بعد عدد او کیل او وزن او مساحة او غير ذلك مما فيه الابهام وترفع ذلك الابهام نحو عندي عشرون رجلا وقفيزان برا ومنوان وعلي التمرة مثلها زبدا وقد يكون من غير مقدار قطنا سمنا وجريبان قط نحو خاتم حديدا وسوار ذهبا - وقد يقع بعد الجملة لرفع الابهام عن نسبتها نحو طاب زيد نَفْسًا او علما او ابا. "THE (noun of) SPECIFICA TION is always indefinite, and is placed after a noun of NUMBER, MEASURE, apposition: y men, a FEW, i. e. a few men, S D' words, TRUTH, i. e. true words, Neh. ii. 12; Prov. xxii. 21: Ezek. xxxiv. 20. a sheep, FATNESS, i. e. fat sheep, 2. Examples in which the latter designates the materials, metal, &c. out of which the first is made: A two talents (of) SILVER, 2 Kings v. 23; 30* WEIGHT, DISTANCE, &c., in which the signification is vague, in order to render it SPECIFIC: as, twenty MEN, two measures (termed (of) wheat, Two pounds (of) FAT, Two measures (termed A) (of) COTTON: or, when speaking of a single date (fruit, saying); THE CREAM. It is also used when quantity is not meant; as, a ring (of) IRON, a bracelet (of) GOLD. It sometimes comes after a sentence, in order to mark the thing referred to with the greater precision; as, Zaid (is) fortunate (in) PERSON, or, LEARNING, or (in his) FATHER." The following is the account given of it in مبين نكره. ينصب تمييزا بما : the alia of Ibn Malik اسم بمعني e. A noun, which .. قد فسره كشير ارضا وقفيز برا . ومنوين عسلا وتمرا. in the signification of of explains something that is vague, is placed for the sake of specification in juxta-position with the word so restricted: as, a span (of) EARTH; a measure (termed j) of WHEAT; two pounds of HONEY, or of DATE FRUIT. According to the opinion of El Akhfash,, and Soheili, as recorded by El Azheri (Schnabell's Com. on the Agrumia, p. î) and condemned by him, this construction is to be considered as a species of the Izáfut, or definite state of construction; which is no doubt erroneous. * We have a construction perfectly parallel to this, which M. de Sacy has put down in his Gram. Arabe, (vol. ii. p. 110.), as anomalous; it is in the oxen, xvi. 17; 13 Exod. xxviii. 17. THE BRASS, i. e. brazen, 2 Kings orders (rows) STONE, i. e. of stone, 3. So also, when the latter word signifies the person, thing, &c. numbered, measured, or weighed, and the preceding one the name of the measure, &c.; e. g. D' Dny two years, DAYS, i, e. the space of two years, Gen. xli. 1; ' y weeks, DAYS, i. e. the space of certain weeks, Dan. x. 3; ' ' an ephah (of) BARLEY, Ruth ii. 17; non a seah (of) FINE FLOUR, 2 Kings vii. 1. See also Gen. xv. 1, Num. ix. 19, 20, xxviii. 23, 1 Kings xxii. 17, Prov. xxii. 21, Is. x. 19, xxx, 20, 33, &c. 4. Apposition may also take place mediately, i. e. when one or more words intervene between the nouns to be thus construed. Under this rule may be placed all those examples, in which الخبز الشعير ,So in the tale of Sindbad, by Langles السروج p. *, and without the article, p. 17. There is no reason, however, for supposing, as M. de Sacy does, that this construction is modern, for it also occurs in the Koran; nor, that these are to be considered as nouns in the definite state of construction. The fact is, they are nouns in apposition, and involve the rhetorical figure which the Arabs term J, and we, EPAThis construction may also be explained, by supposing the prepo NORTHOSIS. sition من to be omitted, as done by El Azheri, S, in his Commentary on the Agrúmia, published by Schnabell, p. A. But I prefer the former method. See also Josh. iii. 14, 2 Kings ix. 4, 1 Chron. xv. 27, 2 Chron. xv. 8, Ps. lix. 6, Jer. xxxviii. 6, where there seems to be an excess of the definite article; but this may be accounted for without having recourse to the ellipsis, as Schroderus has done. Synt. R. III. See also Freytag's Hamasa, vol. i. p. 3. Schroderus has said, " Emphatica est construendi ratio," &c. (Synt. purpose of an unfortunate situation, Exod. xxxii. 22; 17 IN holiness IN (or for) thy confidence, Prov. iii. 26; Lord (is) AMONG the sustainers of my soul, Ps. liv. 6. the See also Ps. lxxxix. 14, cxviii. 7, Prov. xvi. 6, Is. xl. 10, Hos. xiii. 9. 5. Words are sometimes put in the mediate state of apposition by means of a conjunction. This is This is generally termed Hendiadys. Examples: Dy a city and mother, i. e. a mother city, or metropolis, 2 Sam. xx. 19; iyi in Ramah AND in his own city, i. e. in his city Ramah, 1 Sam. xxviii. 3; Dynŋ ha in the shepherds' vessel, AND in the bag, Ib. xvii. 40. See also Is. xxxvii. 18, 2 Chron. xvi. 14, Ps. lxvi. 20, lxxiv. 16, Dan. iii. 5, viii. 10, &c. And in the New Test., Mark xvi. 7, Acts xiv. 13, xxiii. 6, Eph. ii. 3, &c. 9 19 * M. de Sacy remarks on the expression La Lockman was a wise (man), Gram. Arab., vol. ii. p. 74. . . . “ enfin la sage, est un terme circonstantiel ou modificatif, un sur attribut . . . exprime sous une forme à la lettre, non Zeidus mendacem, ou in mendaci, ou ex mendacibus." So Sophoc. (dip. Rex. 1. 286, οὐκ ἐν ἀρνοῖς. Schol. τὸ ὄνομα ἀντὶ ἐπιῤῥήματος. οὐκ αργῶς. On the Nouns of Time and Place. 220. Under this head may be placed certain words, signifying the time or place in which any thing is done, the construction of which in the Arabic is absolute :* these words are, therefore, construed by them as if in the objective case, and as standing in no need of any intervening particle: e. g. Dy two years (as to) DAYS, the space of two years, Gen. xli. 1; and he standing (in) THE OPENING of the tent, Gen. xviii. 1; by and it stood (at) THE OPENING of the tent, Exod. xxxiii. 9; D'TDİ standing (at) THE EASTERN PART of the altar, 2 Chron. v. 12. As the construction of the numerals will occasionally require the application of the other principle, which we have termed that of "definite construction," its consideration will be postponed till we come to treat on that subject specifically. The preposition, however, is sometimes used: e. g. ,they stood BENEATH the mount יִתְיַצְבוּ בְּתַחְתִּית הָהָר Exod. xix. 18. 2. In all these cases, as the qualifying word seems to have no formal connection with the word qualified, its position may be termed absolute: and, in this point of view, it may be said to have the same relation to the word qualified that an adverb has when used for the purpose of qualifying a verb. 3. We sometimes find a pronoun joined with the first : containers of time and place ظروف المكان والزمان These are termed * before امام المسجد ; fast ye (for days numbered صوموا اياما معدودة .g ... e. the mosque, Gram. Arab. M. de Sacy, vol. ii. p. 59, 60, &c. |