abbreviated pronoun: as, ip, ipapa, oņibapą, &c. So and so on. Alting thinks this has been ,נְבִיבוֹתָ, נְבִינוֹתֶם, נְבִינוֹת the accent does not accompany that נְקְוּמוֹתָם but in ; נְקוּמְוֹתָ done, in order to give the fuller pronunciation to the accent, as in syllable. That reason, therefore, will not hold good. I am inclined to believe, that the i has been introduced, in order to avoid the concurrence of two quiescent letters after one vowel (Art. 33.), as would be the case, had the form been adopted: and if so, this vowel has been introduced, just as the (÷) has in the segolate nouns (Art. 108. 148. 2.). 7. In every other case Niphhál takes the leading word Dip; as, Die for Die, as in in, in &c. (Art. 193. 4.) מָקוֹם 8. A similar anomaly takes place in the corresponding persons of the Hiphhil species, which may perhaps be accounted for in the c., but here, we also& הֲקִימוֹתִי, הֲקִימְוֹת, הֲקִימוֹתָ,same way ; as have the regular form; as, PR, APRN, ‘ABRA. 9. It must be remembered, that whenever the first radical letter is, by any accident, made to commence a syllable, the preformative must, by our laws of syllabication, either take Shěvá or a perfect vowel. When the accent is far removed it will be Shěvá; but, when not, the vowel will be perfect: as, Present tense, Kal,, c. So, in the nouns of patience and& תְּקוּמֶינָה .pl, תָּקוּמִי, תָּקוּם agency, in Niphhál and Hiphhil, Dip, fem. i, pl. i? &c. In Hophḥál, however, 10. Verbs having a medial () will sometimes drop it, and supply its place by (-), as it happens in other verbs in the Hiphhil species; as, 1 for thou shalt lodge; and, with the accent drawn back, 12 Sam. xvii. 16. But, when either the first or last radical happens to be a guttural, we shall have (-): as, he was wearied, 1 Sam. xiv. 28; he rested, Exod. x. 14, for or. So with, he put away, Gen. viii. 13. The same will occasionally take place with a pause accent: as, 1 Judg. xix. 20. 11. Hence it will appear, that verbs having a medial, may, in the present tense of Kal, take the same form which they, as well as those having a medial, will in Hiphḥil; and that they can be distinguished only by the context. On the the Third Class of Defective Verbs. 202. These verbs are formed upon roots whose third radical letter is subject to elision; and this may take place, either when one of the letters " occupies that situation (Art. 198. 2.), or, when the second and third radical letters happen to be the same (Art. 77.): as also in certain cases, when or is found in that place (Artt. 76. and 188. 23.). 2. But, before we proceed to consider these defects, it will be necessary to offer a few observations on the causes which have led to them: and first, we shall consider those which have one or other of the letters 778 for their third radical. 3. It has already been remarked (Art. 200.), that considerable difficulty has been felt both in the Hebrew and Arabic, in ascertaining which is the proper root in many instances wherein these letters are concerned. It is also a fact, that primitive words having either of these letters for the first, second, or third radical, and forming words similar in some respects in sound, will generally have either the same, or very nearly the same, signification: e. g. 1, 1, or y he SET UP, to which perhaps may be added, as cognate, he arranged, or assembled, an army, performed divine service, &c. which some make cognate with beauty, and he became inflated, &c. So, bha, bia, ba, nha comprehending, completing, &c., to which many others may be added. * *So and ; 2pt, 214; 72, 73; THI, 113; 177, 917; 17, 17; 277, 17 &c. See the Mikhlol of Kimkhi, fol. 7, where a large list of this sort of verbs is given. It may be proper here to notice remarks sometimes made on verbs of this kind, which, I am induced to believe, are entitled to little credit. Singularis Linguæ genius," says A. Schultens, Inst. Ling. Heb., p. 399, "et granditas 4. If this be the case, then, we need not be surprised in occasionally finding the vowels, and even the signification of one cognate root applied to another; as, 77, for 897 heal thou (root becoming lax), Ps. lx. 4; 7, for I will heal, Jer. iii. 22. I restrained, Ps. cxix. 101, as if the root had been So, בָּלָאתִי for, כָּלֵאתִי,with respect to the vowels only ; as for רְפָאנוּ ; 26 .finding, Eccles. vii מוֹצֵא for, מוֹצָא הִנָּבְאוֹת .we רְפָאנוּ Nwe have healed, Jer. li. 9; ni prophesying, Zech. xiii. 4; h sinning, Eccl. viii. 12, where the vowels belong to roots having or for the last radical. 5. The following assume the vowels, and in some instances the forms, of a cognate root; " taken away, , while . So, n, they (fem.) will heal, they (masc.) will heal, Jer. viii. 11, and she, or it, was healed, Ib. li. 9; I wondered, Ruth ii. 9 (for Ps. xxxii. 1, where the form is derived from Ps. cxxxix. 14; thou hast thirsted, .(צָמֵא but which is ,צָמָה as if the root had been , צָמִית In like manner, we have they bear (root xxxix. 26; 17 they are full, Ib. xxviii. 16; stili, sæpe ansam præbuere, ad gemina ferens: ex fætere fecit, et ) Ezek. ! we Radicis formas in unam conflandas." Is. xxx. 5, which he calls “specimen aruit, et fatuit, signantissimi præ se in acescere fecit, coalitum." Remarks of this kind are often met with in the Thesaurus Grammaticus of Buxtorf, in the Mikhlol of Kimkhi, the Rabbinical Commentaries, &c. I must confess, however, I can see little in all this, but the occasional adoption of one or other of the cognate roots, as indeed it occasionally happens in the Arabic, without any intention whatever on the part of the writer, to combine more ideas than one in such verb. In the above instance, then, I believe W has been the root taken, to be used nevertheless in the sense of . I must object to the vowel (†) Khōlém: because, I think, it may have been introduced for the mere purpose of supporting this hypothesis. In Eichhorn's edition of Simonis's Lexicon, sub voce W, is said to be otiose. are vile, Job xviii. 3, to which many more may be added; but, as they are always noticed in the best Lexicons, they need not be detailed here. 6. In the first place, then, a radical, that is, with every root terminating with having Mappik inscribed, will be regularly conjugated like TP; as, high; thou wast high, he was they were high, &c. This letter, therefore, is not subject to any elision, either here or elsewhere. 7. It is when is a substitute for, or, only, that any departure from the general paradigm can take place in any case. IT 8. In the following instances, however, no such substitution takes place, but and retain their original places; I have been tranquil, Job iii. 26; Infin. Kal, fem. , of the same root . So IT ; 7, Infin. IT-1-9 Participial noun, IT --: Ezek. xxviii. 17, from the root 7, usually 7. In Pihél, I will water, Is. xvi. 9. But, in Job xii. 6, we have (*) for the last radical : as, they will be tranquil (where the accent has been drawn back) Art. 119. 11. So, it trusted, fem., Ps. lvii. 2; 17 they multiply, Deut. viii. 13, where, in the next member, we have becoming עטְיָה ; 25 .18 .ye assimilate, Is. xl תְּדַמְיוּן; יִרְבֶּה languid, Cantic. i. 7; 7 weeping, Lam. i. 16. So also, things full of marrow, Is. xxv. 6. In all other instances, will be substituted for either or, and then will be subject to elision by the general rules affecting the letters . 1 9. In the Preterite tense, therefore, of all the species, will be the termination for the third person singular masculine, instead of or 1; ♫ of the feminine, just as it is in the feminine nouns in construction. In all the others, will represent the third radical: as, he revealed, discovered; fem. ; 2 pers. masc., id. ; com. for or Art. 73; 2 masc. Da, id. fem. ¡nha; .pl. 3 pers. com ; בְּלִיתִי .pers. com 1 ; גְלִית .fem בְּלִינוּ .I com 10. It must be remembered, however, that in every other species (") is generally the vowel which precedes in the Preterite. Even in Kal () would be more agreeable with the analogy than (·), because &c. should be, according to the general paradigm, , which by Art. 87. 3. would become : but, as (-) preceding the may also become (·) Art. 87. 4. this may have been adopted in this species. 11. The Present tense of every species here ends in * as do also the Participles. The Imperative has , but this is the form of construction assumed by all nouns ending in (Art. 143. 5.), and such will the Imperative generally be. 12. The Infinitives follow the general paradigm, and end in in the masculine; as, and seeing.† גְלוֹת or בָּלָוֹת,,The feminine form always ends in n; as (for Art. 87. 1.). 13. The agent or active participle will end in ; as, 18 passive participle ends in ; as, "7, form TP, regu Art. 13.). The patient or בִּלְהָה for) גְלָה .fem ; כֹּלֶה גְלוּיִים .pl, בְּלוּיָה .is quiescent, fem י larly, where the final י : בְּלוּיוֹת and here appears as the proper radical letter. * Except the 2 pers. sing. fem. and pl. masc. and fem., as and fem. pl., where is dropped, or changed to; as, 3 m. Art. 73.); 1 com. also the 3 masc. ba, f. bạn; 2 m. ban, f.ban (for (for 17??? Art. 73.), f. ¡aban; 2 m. aban (for a 1 com. nbay. In the same manner are the Present tenses of all the species conjugated. + In acquiring, 2 Sam. xxiv. 24, and in conceiving and meditating, Is. lix. 13, Schroeder thinks we have a final for the last radical letter: will terminate הגוה and הרוֹה קָנוֹה ; but this is far from being certain regularly according to our paradigm; and, omitting the final by Art. 72, we shall have the forms, 1, and in. The other example, viz. Hos. vi. 9, adduced by him, is probably a plural noun in construction. † In Is. iii. 16, we have a various reading, viz. ♫ and i, as also |