8. The feminine plural will occasionally suffer apocope; as, hear ye, which will also happen occasionally in the present tense, as will be seen hereafter.

1ypy Gen. iv. 23, for

On the Participles.

192. We now come to that species of words which have been termed Participles, and have accordingly been classed with the verbs as such, contrary perhaps to every principle of Hebrew Grammar. The fact is, these are nothing more than attributives of one form or other, into the etymology of which nothing having the least possible connection with tense has ever entered. Nor is the force usually ascribed to these words, exclusively applicable to nouns of their forms : Dan wise, Ping distant, 57 growing, being just as much participles as Tpi, masc., pia and ngpie fem. visiting, or tips, masc., PP, fem. visited, can possibly be; to which a very large number of other forms may be added. The truth appears to be, that all these nouns, together with those conjugated as verbs (which, indeed, is occasionally the case with some of these), are to be regulated in tense by other considerations, as will be shewn hereafter.

2. It is curious enough to remark, that Simonis has, in his Arcanum Formarum, assigned a whole section to words of the form usually ascribed to the first participle, in which they occur as agents, without the least reference whatever to tense. Yet, in one of his notes he says,* ,* " Exinde vero non sequitur, omnia Participia mera esse Nomina, quod contendit PAGNINUS in Institut. Hebr., p. 229. If by this he means, that these words may occasionally be construed as participles, perhaps no one will object; but, if he contends, that they are not mere attributives, I believe he will contend for a position which will not admit of proof.

* P. 601.

LECTURE XI.

193. Having dwelt thus much on the first species of the Hebrew Conjugation, which is indeed the model, and contains the principles upon which all the rest are formed, we may now proceed to give the others, with such notes as shall seem necessary.

Paradigm of the Second Species, or Objective Form of the
First, usually termed NIPHHAL. yes.

17 They became visited.

They became visited.

2 Ye became visited.

.Ye became visited נִפְקַדְתֶּן .We became visited נִפְקַדְנוּ 1 .We became visited נִפְקְדְנוּ

Forms of the INFINITIVE, or Abstract Verbal Noun. TRÐI, TRBI, TRÐI, Tran, Tran, and Th being visited, &c.

PARTICIPLES (usually), rather VERBAL CONCRETE Nouns.

2. We have here given the Infinitives, Participles, &c. as usually found in the Paradigm, as we shall in all the other Species; not because we believe this arrangement to be the best, but because we would depart as little as may be from the usual methods; and, because we may in this way familiarize the mind of the Learner with the several forms of these nouns.

3. The sense afforded by this species is mostly objective; sometimes, however, it is subjective: as, he fought; a he swore; he reclined; he contended; where co-operation seems rather to be implied at others it is reflective: as, watching one's self; asking for self; and at others, its force may be expressed in English, by using, may, can, must, ought, or the like. See Gen. vi. 21; xvi. 10; xx. 9. All of which may be very well comprehended in the compound form of this word, when regulated by the circumstances mentioned in the context. See Art. 157. 18. 20.

On the Preterite Tense.

4. When the primitive word happens to begin with a guttural letter, the vowel accompanying ♬ may be either ( - ) or ( - ), but not (): as, accounted, Num. xviii. 27; said, Dan. viii. 26; overturned, Esth. ix. 1; in sealed, Ib. viii. 8; iny placated, 1 Chron. v. 20; where we have the form Tip instead of . So ip and The. bipp (Art. 76.). In one instance

one of the augmented forms

,פָּקוֹד or

circumcised, Gen. xvii. 27, for
seems to have been affixed to

it shall expiate, Deut. xxi. 8, for

27, in full 27 (Art. 83. 1.), grounded on the form

5. In left, Ezek. ix. 8, the additional word forming this species (see Art. 157. 18.) seems here to be given more at length than usual. Buxtorf thinks that we have here a form compounded of both tenses, than which nothing can be more unlikely.*

IT

For

in we sometimes have the Chaldee, as in Kal (Art. 188. 16.); as, ne forgotten, Is. xxiii. 15.

6. they were polluted, Lam. iv. 14, on the form Ti, probably from an avenger. Of the same form is they shall be possessed of, Num. xxxii. 30. In the word "Exod. xv. 6, we have perhaps an abbreviated form for it is become glorious, the preceding word, 1, being regularly of the feminine gender. This, therefore, need not be considered as anomalous, in any other point of view.

On the Present Tense, Imperative, &c.

7. The leading form mostly taken for this tense is 77, and

,are also found פָּקַד and פָּקְד ; פָּקְדָה sometimes the feminine form

as in Kal: but, is used only with the Infinitive or verbal noun, examples of each of which will presently be given.

8. The N of the first person singular is sometimes regularly pre

IT: IT

729 Hag. i. 8, where the seems to have been lost, as in other instances (Art. 72, &c.), in most of which, however, it is restored in the marginal reading.

9. For, we have

thou wilt* be broken, Ezek. 2 Sam. xii. 15; he was he was weaned, Gen. xxi. 8; So also, they shall be comthey shall be eaten up, Jer.

xxxii. 28. So he was infirm,
refreshed, Exod. xxxi. 17;
Pit
it was said, Josh. ii. 2.
memorated, Isa. lxv. 17;

xxiv. 2, to which many more may be added.

as,

10. To the plural ? a paragogic is often added as in Kal: they shall be cut off, Ps. xxxvii. 9, &c.

11. We have in the Imperative,

assemble yourselves, Joel iv. 11, for 1, which seems to be grounded on the form 77 or, if it is not the preterite used as an imperative.

12. Whenever here, as in other instances, the first letter of the root is such as to be incapable of receiving Dagésh forte, the preceding vowel is necessarily made perfect, as in 2 &c. above given (No. 9.).

13. In the Infinitive we have giving, Jer. xxxii. 4. And with together, Judg. xi. 25;

desiring, Gen. xxxi. 30;

eating, Levit. vii. 18; inen for the first letter, in fighting requesting, 1 Sam. xx. 28;

sending, Esth. iii. 18; ?, for

. פְּקוֹד or פָּקוֹד striking, Judg. xx. 39, grounded on the form נִנְגּוֹף

xiv. 3, of the same form, with N instead of prefixed, the letter usually taken by the Chaldees and Syrians.

14. The Dagésh forte, found in the first radical letter in these verbs, is merely compensative for the characteristic which has been rejected according to rule (Art. 76.).

15. The noun given here as a participle, has, in a few instances, (~) instead of (†): as, pi, (for ?, form 7 Art. 87. 1.) taken in a net, Ps. ix. 17. Alting is of opinion, that the plurals De persons prophesying, 1 Sam. xix. 20, Jer. xiv. 15, Ezek.

* Reasons for translating this present tense by a future will be given in the Syntax.

+ Sect. vii. §. 119. de verbo perfecto.