as, thou hast dealt perfidiously, Mal. ii. 14; thou art grown old, Josh. xiii. 1, &c.

23. Whenever the root ends in Л, and also receives this pronominal affix, both these letters will coalesce by Dagésh: as, thou hast cut, Deut. xx. 20, for 7. When is the last letter of the root, and this or any similar suffix is added, the is dropped (Art. 76.), and for this a compensation is made by inserting Dagésh forte in the first letter of the affix; as, П, for thou gavest, Gen. iii. 12. So, n, for

I gave; n,

On the Second Person Singular Feminine.

or, (-) p, for thou didst hear,

24. When the last radical letter happens to be stands in the place of the first Shěvá (Art. 45.): as, A thou didst receive, 1 Kings xiv. 3; Jer. iv. 19; thou didst know, Jer. 1. 24. 7, that letter will be dropped as before: n

xvi. 33.

In roots ending in thou gavest, Ezek.

25. In many instances, particularly in the Books of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, this affix assumes the form, for A, which is also a termination of the original pronoun (See Art. 145. 2. p. 161,

thou שָׁמַעַתִּי ; 4 .Jer. iii קָרָאתִ thou wilt call, for קָרָאתי,note): as

hast heard, Ib. iv. 19; to which many others may be added.

On the Second Person Plural Masculine.

26. We have occasionally a Khirik with the second radical letter, instead of (-): as, n, for ye shall possess, Deut. iv. 1. In others (): as, ye asked, 1 Sam. xii. 13; and, as before, an, for Dan ye gave, Jer. xxxvii. 18 (Art. 76.).

On the Second Person Plural Feminine.

27. Instead of the termination 1, we sometimes have -,

אן ד

* In some editions only.

which is also a termination peculiar to the pronoun of this person (Art. 145. 2.); nye cast forth, Amos iv. 3. This, however, is an example belonging to the Hiphhil species.

On the First Person Singular, common gender.

28. A few verbs have Khirik for their second vowel: as

וּשָׁאַלְתִּי for שָׁאִלְתִּי ,So יָלַדְתִּי I have begotten, Ps. ii. 7, for

asked, 1 Sam. i. 20. Here also, as before, (Nos. 23. 24.) roots ending in, or 1, will reject those letters, and supply their place by Dagésh.

29. In the first person plural also, roots ending in 7 will cause that letter to coalesce with the of the pronominal suffix: as,

.7 .we gave, Lam. v (נָתַנְנוּ for) נָתַנּוּ

30. Upon the whole, then, these are rather apparent than real anomalies. It is consistent with the analogy of this language to make certain changes in the vowels, upon the occurrence of any of the guttural letters. The concurrence of any two identical letters is also regularly expressed, by placing a Dāgésh in one of them, and omitting the other, provided no vowel intervene (Art. 47.). Nún likewise is regularly rejected, whenever it should receive a final Shěvá (Art. 76.). Other varieties in the vowels may be accounted for, by supposing different nouns derived from the same primitive, to have been originally taken as the leading word.

31. N. B. The remarks here made on the preterite tense of the

* But perhaps these vowels do not belong to the form 72, but T2, or

perhaps, T., is certainly the root in Arabic to which DAY! must be referred; and a son, may be the root of the second,

.Arab ,שָׁאֵל and سائل

and, Arab. a beggar, of the third. And hence, perhaps, it is that the same root is occasionally found with different vowels. In Arabic,

he raised; and ¿, he was elevated, ennobled; ¿, he had a high voice, &c. De Sacy's Gram. Arab., vol. i. p. 119.

first species Kal, will apply, in a great measure, to those of all the

rest.

On the Present Tense of the First Species Kal.

189. It has been remarked (Art. 182. 10.) that the leading word of this tense in Kal is always one or other of the Segolate nouns of the forms 7, TP, or Tp. There are, however, a few examples in which Tp is the form taken, as we shall see presently. These nouns are generally abstract as to sense (Art. 152. 10.): if, then, a personal pronoun, or any abridged form of it, be affixed, we shall have a meaning something like the following: He (is) a visiting; Thou (art) a coming, &c., where the words visiting and coming are not used as participles but as abstract nouns, which must necessarily intimate a present tense: How this, as well as the preterite, tense, is used in composition, will be shewn when we come to the Syntax.

2. The form may, perhaps, stand for, with the transposed, as we say, what man soever, for whatsoever

of

man, &c., in English.

3. Of the same others (Art. 139. 7. note). what has just been said of probably a fragment of the

may be said which has been said of As to the prefixed to the feminine, must suffice. The suffixed is pronoun, as Jahn has observed

(Gram., p. 177. Ed. 1809.). The derivations of the other forms are sufficiently obvious. See Comment on the Kafia, p. гyv

PLURAL.

. I lie down אֶשְׁכַּב

3

.They lie down יִשְׁכְּבוּ .They lie doen תִּשְׁכַּבְנָה .You lie down תִּשְׁכְּבוּ 2

You lie down.

We lie down.

1

We lie down.

5. Paradigm of the Third Form Tp.

This form never occurs except in verbs which are subject to some defect, and then but seldom.

increases, &c. When the last letter is guttural, the final vowel is, for the most part, (-): as, he hears; he sends; he rises, is exalted. This also will be the case when the middle letter is guttural, just as it is with the Segolate nouns (Art. 148. 7.).

6. It has been remarked (Art. 189.), that the form of T is sometimes taken as the leading word of the present tense. The following are examples: viz. they judge, Exod. xvíii. 26 ;

it (fem.) preserves, or keeps, Prov. xiv. 3; 7 pass

thou over (fem.), Ruth ii. 8: mortally pained, Ps. lxix. 21.

7. Of these forms, the first

(for Art. 72.) i am

is the most generally used in Kal; and, for the most part, it has a transitive signification. T occurs but seldom, and is mostly intransitive. T is found in

יִגְלֶה יֵשֵׁב יֹּאמֶר or יאמֶר אֹמֶר or אֹמֵר ,defective verbs only ; as

&c.

8. In all cases in which the terminating vowel is perfect and regularly accompanied by an accent, upon the accent's being withdrawn (which always takes place when the verb is joined with any other word by Makkáph, &c.), such final vowel will be changed for its correspondent imperfect one (Art. 119. 3. &c.): as, will keep for him, Ps. lxxxix. 29;

Is. xlii. 1, for 7 and P respectively.*

I will sustain him,

9. The same verb is sometimes found to occur in more than one of these forms; as, he rests, Gen. ii. 2; and in it rests, Neh. vi. 3; I am not willing, Ezek. xviii. 32; and Y???

* It is a curious fact that the tense corresponding to this in the Arabic verbs, is subject to a variation of ending, similar to that of the nouns, i. e. its terminations will answer to those of the nominative or objective cases. This

is said to be like the поип. In a few

لنسفعا

instances, indeed, it has the of the accusative; as, we will surely draw,

&c. In others we have an additional,, as in the nouns of excess (Art. 168):

as, he will surely assist: but of this more in the Syntax.