14. The Cardinal Numerals from three to ten inclusive, require the word designating the thing numbered to be put in the plural number: all the others require the singular. Examples,

שֶׁבַע ; 6 .five years and a hundred year, Gen. v שָׁנִים וּמְאַת שָׁנָה .7 .seven years and eight hundred year, Ib שָׁנִים וּשְׁמֹנֶה מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה

חֲמִשִׁים שְׁקָלִים ; 23 .twenty planks, Exod. xxxvi עֶשְׂרִים קְרָשִׁים

Some instances occur in which this rule is not observed: as,

fifty shekels, Josh. vii. 21;

thousand, 1 Chron. xxvii. 1;

y twenty and four

and five years, i. e. a man five and twenty years old. twenty and nine years, 2 Kings xiv. 2.

more will be said in the Syntax.

a son of twenty

So

But of this

15. When the decimal number takes the precedence, the con

תִּשְׁעִים ; seventy and seven שִׁבְעִים וְשִׁבְעָה is used: as י junction ;

ninety and six, Ezr. viii. 35, &c.

16. When the numerals are to be used distributively, they are repeated like other nouns: as, two and two, i. e. by twos; won by fifties, or, every fiftieth man.

17. Numerals signifying the repetition of any quantity or thing, are generally expressed by the dual number: as, fold; seven-fold, or, seven times repeated.

four

LECTURE X.

ON THE HEBREW VERBS.

182. We now come to treat on the Hebrew Verbs, and to shew, first, In what way they appear to have been formed; and, secondly, To delineate and explain their several conjugations.

2. The verb, we believe (See Art. 146.), is, in its crude state, nothing more than a noun of one form or

other, and, that its signification will be regulated by that peculiar to the form of the noun to which it belongs, whether that form be primitive or derived.

3. If, therefore, we have the means of knowing what signification is to be attached to the different forms of the primitive nouns, as also how the augmented forms are derived, and what sense they will bear; we shall also know, to what class the verb itself is to be referred, and what must be its general force and meaning.

4. In our Lectures on the forms and derivation of nouns, we laid before the Student all that appeared necessary on that subject, leaving it to his own industry to follow out the enquiry to any extent he might think proper. We now come to shew how this bears on the question before us.

5. The different forms of the verb, as found generally in use, amount to seven; four of these have an active, and three a passive (and sometimes a reciprocal) signification.

* Kimkhi says

ואכתוב שער דקדוק .in the Mikhlol. fol. 3. verso חפעלים בתחלה ואף על פי שהשם קודם לפעל כי הפעל יצא מהשם ואמרו כי השם כמו הגוף נושא המקרים והפעל כמו מקרה

"I first proceed to write the chapter on the Grammar of verbs, although the noun precedes the verb: for the verb proceeds from the noun. And they say, that the noun is, like the body, the subject of accident; but, that the verb (may be considered) as the accident (only)." And again, fol.

קצא דע.... כי .verso השמות הם שנים חלקים יש מהם שם שהוא נגזר מן הפועל או הפועל ממנו כמו רְאוּבֵן שִׁמְעוֹן זְבוּלָן שהוא שם נגזר מן הפועל' חָכָם רָשָׁע' צַדִּיק חֶרֶב שֶׁלֶג' והדומים להם נגזר הפועל מן השם

i.e. "Observe that nouns are of two sorts. There are those which are either derived from verbs, or, from which verbs are derived: as, Reuben, Simeon, Zebulon, each of which is derived from a verb; wise; wicked; snow, and the like, are nouns from which

just; a sword;

verbs are derived."

6. The first of these has been termed Kal, i. e. levis, light; because the root is here exhibited in its simple state. Verbs of this species are either active or

neuter.

7. In this conjugation, or species, as we shall term it, three forms are in use, which may be represented by the measures TP, TP, and p, corresponding to the forms of nouns given in Artt. 153. Ff. II. III. X.*

8. Again, in this, as in every other species of the conjugation of Hebrew verbs, two tenses only are found; namely, the Past, and the Present.

9. The leading form in every species will designate the third person singular of the masculine gender of the Preterite Tense; and, in Kal, this will always be a primitive noun of the form 7p, TP, or ipe.

10. The leading form proper for the present tense of this species, is always a noun of one or other of the primitive Segolates; as, TR, TR, or TP (See Art. 148, &c.), which, when combined with one or other of the pronouns, will present both the vowels, and signification, proper for this species of the conjugation.

183. The next species, taken in the usual order, is termed Niphhál, hy, because, as it should seem, that word presents the conjugation itself of the word formerly taken as a paradigm for the verbs in general, which was hy. This forms the objective voice of the foregoing.

* A similar variety, in the vowels proper for the medial radical letter of the root, exists in the Arabic, where, as in the Hebrew, the first generally

denotes transitive verbs; as, he assisted; the second, verbs of sense: as,

2. This species, according to our system, is an augmented word, combined of two others, affording both the form and sense peculiar to this conjugation (See Artt. 157. 18, 19, &c. 162. Ff. I. II.); TP, therefore, will be the measure generally taken for the leading form of the Preterite Tense of this species; as, T he was, or became, visited.

3. The Present Tense of this species is formed on the measure (for Artt. 157. 18. 162, &c.); which, with the abbreviated form of the pronoun of the third person sing. masc. will be TP he is or becomes visited, and, by Art. 76. Tp.

4. The third species has been termed Piḥél y. This is always of the active voice, and has, for the most part, a transitive signification (See Art. 154. 7, 8, &c.). The measure proper for the leading person of the Preterite is TP, which is one of the augmented and intensitive forms given under Art. 154. 4, &c.

5. The form proper for the leading person of the Present Tense is of the cognate form, Ib. Form I. TP, which, with the abridged form of the pronoun, will

יְפַקְד become

6. The objective species peculiar to this class of verbs is termed Puhály. Its leading word will be of the measure p, and will always be a noun of the form given in Art. 154. Form V. This may be termed the fourth Species.

7. The fifth species is termed Hiphḥily, the leading form of which is cognate with those of the augmented nouns given Art. 160: that proper for the Preterite being of the measure T-for the Present, TP, for the force of which see Art. 157. 2-9.

8. The sixth, and the objective of Hiphhil, is termed Hophhal y. This takes, for the leading word of

both tenses, a noun of the augmented form T. See Artt. 157. 10. 160. F. VII. having an objective signification.

9. The seventh and last species is termed Hithpaḥél, Syn, which, as before, is the form taken in the old paradigm in this species. Our form is 7. The leading forms proper for both tenses, will always be of this measure, affording the sense common to nouns of this form, See Artt. 157. 13-19. 164. Ff. I. II.

184. These are the forms of the several Species of the Conjugation of Hebrew verbs, as usually given in the Grammars. But to these a few others may be added: which, as they occur less frequently, have been considered anomalous. They are, however, according to our view of the subject, just as regular in their formation as those already mentioned: and, although they occur less frequently, which might easily be accounted for, they are quite as consistent with the analogy of the language, as any verbs can possibly be.

2. These additional species are thought to be analogous to those of Piḥél, Pūḥál, and Hithpāḥél, because some reduplication of the letters or syllables of the root is generally found to take place in them, as it does in those forms; and, consequently, affording a similar shade of signification, although the same letters are not always doubled, nor the same vowels always found to accompany

them.

་

3. It has been remarked (Art. 154. 5.), that nouns of excess formed from roots having or for their middle radical letter, or, which have the same letter in the second and third of the root, usually take the forms T, for the active, and T7, for the passive signification: as, 7, 72, 22, for the active; and, pip, ai, aid, for the passive of these words, respectively.

4. Instead of TP, and TR2, therefore, which are the measures proper for the species Pīḥél and Pūḥál, we shall always have these forms from roots of this description; and here the same form is taken for the leading word of each tense respectively; Dip, Drip, active, and Dip, Dip?, objective.

5. The first of these forms is also taken for the Hithpahél species, i. e. instead of , we shall have, for the

measure; as,,

; and so of others.