Gen. xxviii. 19, Bethel () was so called by Jacob, because he deemed it worthy to be called the house of God, on account of the vision he saw there. Similar examples are to be found, Gen. xxxii. 3, with respect to Mākhănáim; Ib. xxxi. 47, Galeed; John v. 2, where Bethesda is intended to point out the favour of God, exerted at that place, as in a house of mercy. In Exod. xv. and Num. xxxiii. we have several examples of names thus given to the different stations in the wilderness, at which the Israelites halted. It should be observed, that in writing Hebrew names in the Greek letters, the aspirates are frequently omitted: as, 'Eopou, not Xεopàμ; Naαoov, not Naxov; and so of others. See Art. 9. note. LECTURE IX. ON THE SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PARTICLES. 171. These are nothing more than words, or fragments of words, attached to others for the purpose of qualifying or otherwise restricting them; and they are written either separately, or together forming one compound word, as usage may require. In this point of view, therefore, they may be classed under one or other of the forms of nouns already detailed; but, as they occur frequently, and exert a very considerable influence on the force and bearing of the context, they deserve a separate consideration. 2. By these Particles are meant, words used occasionally as Pronouns, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, or Interjections. We say occasionally, because some of them will sometimes fill one or more of these offices, as the context shall require, just as similar words often do in our own language. 3. That the Separable Prepositions are words of this kind, no doubt will remain when we consider, that in many instances they actually present all the peculiarities of nouns put in the state of construction: as, pa for vanity, or in sufficientiam vanitatis,* Jer. li. 58; so DYP between the waters, Gen. i. 7; or, distinctio aquarum: " (for) being the absolute form in the one case, and larly become in the other, which in construction reguand respectively (Art. 143. 6.). And, again, words preceding these particles are often found taking the forms proper for the state of constraction: as, Delight of Remin מְשׂוֹשׂ אֶת־רְצִין ;12 .Ps. ii חוֹסֵי בוֹ Is. viii. 6, &c., which shews that they are nouns. 4. In the Arabic and Ethiopic dialects, in each of which we have a peculiarity of termination for the state of construction, these particles are clearly marked as being in that state: as, in the Arabic, case. all plol before the mosque, (i. e. pars. anterior templi,) where the first word loses its tanwin, and the last is put in the genitive So in the Ethiopic, ውስተ፡ ሰምይ∶ to, or towards, heaven; where the first word only has this mark. And, generally, words of this kind, whether conjunctions, prepositions, or adverbs, will be found with the termination proper for construction, when they are intended to be so understood: and without it, when not so intended. With respect to the adverbs, as they can be known to be such only from the situations in which they are found, and may consist of any form of word suitable to the sense required, something will be said on their character and use when we come to the syntax. * Nold. sub voce T in notis, " Est absoluti "I constructum." + Ib. sub. v. "Constituit substantivum nomen masculinum, cujus pluralis masc. est D, &c..... atque inde nominalem significationem, quam vix unquam exuit....discrimen differentiam rerum, qua a se invicem distinguuntur." These particles are,,, or 1, by, лn, by, vaba, Glass. Phil. Sacr., p. 80, &c. Storr. Observ., p. 105. 5. If then these particles were originally nouns, it is likely we should find them exhibiting the simple and augmented forms peculiar to nouns; and such is actually the case, as the following examples will evince. Segolates: not yet; near, at; before, in presence of; in here, hither; bet by no means. *,אַל only; more ; 2 (root 227) Primitive nouns not Segolate: as, round about; (fem.) quickly, soon; IT" : much; besides, to which many others may be added. The following are forms augmented by one or other of the letters termed gratis, freely (Art. 167.); compound of, (Arab.); wards. Art. 109. perhaps, which is probably a (for) after, after 6. Many of these particles are found in the plural number, (a sufficient proof, if any were wanting, that they are nouns); as, 12, fem. distinction, between, pl. 3, and nie. So masc. surroundings, enclosures, adv. or סְבִיבוֹת .pl סְבִיבָה .fem, סָבִיב prep. round about; 8, pl. 7, and, in construction, Then after the king, q. d. subsequutionibus regis. 7. In many instances these words are found in a compound state: as, 1 (comp. of?, for ", and 1, of and answer,) on account of, because of, &c.; (of 1 and D) because of; Tybe, be, or " besides, except: and, further, with anowhether besides? In this last case, the ther particle, simplest form, is probably a compound of three primitives, viz. of T usque ad, &c. 5, and 2, which are used as prepositions. In some of the others, also, we have the preposition, and the interrogative particle, with the word also put in the plural number and in the form proper for construction. 8. In some cases several of these words will be found construed * This word is probably an abridged form of execration, thence, deprecation, prohibition, or the like; or, from one or other of the Cognate roots, 3,,, which will afford similar significations. See these roots in Lex. sub voce attritus fuit. I hope to throw some additional light on these particles in my Hebrew Lexicon. together and qualifying one another; and, in all of these, those capable of receiving any variation from the state of construction, will invariably take that form. Of this sort are the following: IT.. and עֶדֶן,and contracted ,עַד הֵנָּה ;until...maot עַד בִּלְתִּי עַד אֵין ; to ercess עַד מְאֹד ;hitherto עַד כֵּן, עַד כֹּה ; 3 ,2 .Eccles. iv עֲדֶנָה 1: ney How long? Usquequo? Y Y until now, ews Toũ vũv; עַד כִּי, עַד אֲשֶׁר אִם עַד־אָם, עַד אֲשֶׁר ; to the summit עַד לְמַעְלָה כְּמוֹ כֵן ; not so לֹא כֵן ;f not; אִם לֹא ; unless בִּלְתִּי אִם ; until even so; 1972 and 2 besides, except, &c. 9. These particles are also found in construction with the pronouns, sometimes in the singular, at others in the plural, number: So .between us בֵּינוֹתֵינוּ .and fem בֵּינֵינוּ ; between thee בֵּינְךָ,as לְמַעַנְךְ ; near them אֶצְלָם ,אֵינֵימוֹ and אֵינָם ; on account of thee דן they are not. The following, when in the plural number only, take the affixed pronouns singular or plural, viz. after; TO to; above, upon; to; after thee; on account of מִפָּנִים besides; and, the blessings of!? before ; 10. The pronominal affixes attached to some of these particles differ, in some respects, from those usually attached to nouns: e. g. ; behold me הִבִּי for הִנֵּנִי ; תַּחְתִּי under or beneath me, for תַּחְתֵּנִי .masc אֶתְהֶם ; with them עִמָּם for עִמָּהֶם ; behold him הִנּוֹ for הִנֵּהוּ and 1 fem. them, or as it respects them, for D, or 18. 11. The particle, put before any noun which is the object of some verb in the sentence, and used apparently for the purpose of pointing out this particular, appears in three different forms when connected with the pronouns, which Schroderus thinks has arisen from the root's originally presenting three cognate forms, viz. * D. Kimchi has remarked in the Michlol, (fol. verso) NNW 190 ראובן הרג שמעון לא נודע מי ההורג ומי ההרוג וכשתאמר ראובן הרג את שמעון הנה מלת את נופל על הפעול ונודע כי שמעון הוא ההרוג לפיכך בדבר שהוא מבואר מי הפועל והפעול לא הוצרכו למלת את : So, should you say, 12 Reuben slew Simeon, it would not be known who was the slayer, or who the slain. But when you say Reuben slew Simeon, (i. e. Simeonem,) the particle N points out the objective case, and it is known that Simeon is the person slain. In like manner, in a matter in which the agent and patient are evident, the particle is unnecessary. אֶתְהֶן .them, masc אֶתְהֶם ; you אֶתְכֶם From the first we have them, fem. From the second, with me; with thee, masc., ; with us אִתָּנוּ ; with her אִתָּהּ ; with him אִתּוֹ ;.id. fem אִתָּךְ אוֹתְךָ,,me אוֹתִי,with them. From the third אִתָּם ; with you אִתְּכֶם In אוֹתָן or,,אוֹתְהֵן אוֹתָם אוֹתְהֵן אוֹתְכֶם אוֹתָנוּ אוֹתָהּ So thee, or with thee; is thee, or with thee; inis him, or with him. all which cases, coming to, as it respects, or the like, will give the sense of the particle. 12. Some of these particles take () as the vowel of union before the affixed pronouns is us, or with us; So behold thee, fem.; and : as, y with us; with thee, fem. ; and id.; is id. hitherto thou, fem.; Te with thee, fem.; with you, masc.; Y with them, masc. 13. The preposition out, out of, apparently from the Arabic root 12 cut, doubles the by Dāgésh, whenever any one of the for) מֶנְהוּ or מִכֵּהוּ ; from me מֶנִּי or מִנִּי,pronouns is affixed : as from him; from them. But more frequently the root assumes a reduplicated form, and drops its final letter: as, for (Art. 76.), and, with the affixed pronouns, ?? (for 3) from us and, by a further abbreviation, from thee, masc.; and Tee from thee, fem. 14. The other prepositions take the affixed pronouns regularly, and, for the most part, in the plural number: as, to, towards, pl. to me; upon, against, plural upon, or against thee; ITT בִּלְעָדֶיךָ ; besides בִּלְעָדִי ; to him עָדִיי to, usque ad, plural עַד upon עֲלֵיהֶם ;to you אֲלֵיכֶם :With the grave afix besides thee. them. 15. The remaining prepositions, are on account of; by, through; without, foràs; ? before, in front of; zi This rule, however, is not universally true, as we shall see when we come to the syntax. Similar to this is the doctrine taught by the Persian Grammarians, on the use of the particle, (originally perhaps, way,) for where, according to Mr. Lumsden, there would be a difficulty in ascertaining from the context, which is the objective case to the verb, this particle is added; and, when it is not so, the particle is always to be omitted. Pers. Gram., vol. ii. p. 202. My edition (9th) of Sir Wm. Jones's Pers. Gram., p. 118. |