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in the Arabic", Si which is also further abbreviated into ",

; and this is the augment universally found to prevail in the Hebrew.

3. That the meaning attached to the root, in Arabic, is suitable to the signification of these words, the following definition of it given by Golius will be sufficient to shew :-" Se recepit commorandi vel quiescendi ergo, diversatus fuit interdiu vel noetu. Applying this, then, to any proper name, we shall have both the form and signification proper for these Patronymics; e. g. Ethiopic form Israelani: Hebrew and Arabic by contraction,

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إسرائيلي

bull, a person related to the patriarch Israel, by connexion, residence, birth, &c. So 7 (for ', Art. 75.) a descendant of Judah; and so of others.

4. It may also be considered confirmatory of this conjecture, that these Hebrew nouns, when receiving any asyllabic augment, are generally found with the doubled by Dagésh: as, Levites; П below, &c., which are their true forms. See Art. 136. 5.† 5. The following are a few examples, with their primitives:

נְגִיד princely, from נְגִידִי ; Canaan כְּנַעַן a Canaanite, from כְּנַעֲנִי

a prince;

shepherd;

pastoral (for by contraction), from 75 a belonging to the north, from 1 the north.

6. When, however, the primitive word ends in, the Patronymic

is formed by prefixing the definite article only; as,

son of Merari: one of his descendants; one of the sons of Gad;

patron;

Gen. xlvi. 24.

Mushi, a the name of

one of his descendants. So " In one instance is prefixed instead of, which may have been done for the purpose of avoiding the concurrence of two aspirates: as, in Takhkěmōní, 2 Sam. xxiii. 8, from 1 Chron. xi. 11. We have, however, for T, a Mede, Dan. xi. 1, from T Media.

*See Mr. de Sacy's Gram. Arab., vol. i. p. 239, &c.

+ The teshdid which is also found to accompany this in Arabic, was, perhaps, added originally for the purpose of supplying the defect occasioned by the rejection of one or two letters from its primitive form.

Of this property of the definite article some account will be given

hereafter.

7. In forming Patronymics from compounds, two methods have been adopted; one, by adding as before, which is regular; the other, by also prefixing the article to the last word in the compound. Examples: 1. 12 a Benjamitė; 2. be the the native of Beth

Bethlehemite, 1 Sam. xvii. 58;

;the native of Bethel בֵּית הֶאֱלִי; בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ Shemesh, from

1 the Benjamite, 1 Kings ii. 8.

8. Nouns ending in i never form the Patronymic by the addition of, but by some periphrasis: as, Jericho, Josh xxiv. 11. So in

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children of Jericho, Ib. vii. 36;

the citizens of

men of Jericho, Neh. iii. 2;

Shiloh, Judg. xxi. 21. In a few instances,

p daughters of

is added: as, a

Haggilōni, from Giló, 2 Sam. xv. 12, Josh. xv. 51.*

9. The same frequently takes place in compound words: as,

בְּנֵי ; 25 .the children of Kiryath Harim, Ezra ii בְּנֵי קִרְיַת עָרִים

the children of Hazmáveth, Ib. ver. 24.

10. Proper names ending in are sometimes subject to the same rule: as, men of Sodom.

11. In Patronymics derived from compounds, the last only of the compound is sometimes taken: as, PVN, for 12 VIN

the land of the Benjamite, 1 Sam. ix. 4.†

12. Some primitives ending in drop that letter in forming the patronymic: as, Hannāḥami, Num. xxvi. 40, from 12 Nāhămán.

13. In forming Patronymics from dual or plural words, one or other of the following methods is adopted: 1, The word, from which such patronymic is to be derived, is reduced to its primitive form, and then — is added as before; as, Egypt, primitive

, and with, an Egyptian. 2. Either inhabitant,
daughter, or out of, may precede such proper name: as,

IT

daughter of Jerusalem; or Jecoliah of Jerusalem, 2 Chron. xxvi. 3.

בַּת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ,3 .inhabitant of Jerusalem ; Isa. v יוֹשֵׁב יְרוּשָׁלַיִם -Jecoliah יְכָלְיָהּ מִן־יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

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These abbreviations are found to take place in most languages. See M. de Sacy's Gram. Arab., vol. i. p. 247. Lud. Gram. Eth., fol. edit., p. 22. Wilkins's Sanscrit Gram., Art. 1174., &c.

But here we have a personification; in the other two cases a periphrasis.

14. In a few instances, the primitive is put for the patronymic; which may be considered, either as presenting a metonymy by which the progenitor, &c. is put for the descendant, or by supposing an ellipsis to be made of one of the words, ng, 1, &c. as given above; as, p Damascus, for Damascene,

Gen. xv. 2;

for 2 Sam. xxiii. 15. So

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15. Irregularities are occasionally met with in the forms of these words: as, a Hagarene, 1 Chron. v. 10, from 27 Hagar, as if the primitive had been a Segolate noun of the form

תִּמְנָה primitive ,תִּמְכָתִי Timnite, Judg. xv. 6, for תִּמְנִי; הַגְרִ הַשִׁילֹנִי and : שֵׁלָה Numb. xxvi. 20, primitive הָשֵׁלָנִי ,So

1 Chron. ix. 5; the Ammonite, the primitive being

.

See 1 Sam. xi, 1, and Gen. xix. 38, from which, however, the collective form y Ammon has been formed, Ib., and thence probably the Patronymic.

16. For the feminine forms of these nouns, see Art. 136. 5, and for the plurals, Art. 139. The forms taken in construction, or when any of the pronouns are affixed, will be regulated according to the analogy of the word. Art. 143.

17. Another class of nouns ending in, preceded by (-) or (T) has been thought to denote excess. These, however, are probably nothing more than nouns in the plural number (Art. 199. 6.). The following are examples: a swarm of locusts;

שַׁדָּי ; a plain שָׂדֵי ; extremely greedy כִּילַי ;many windows חַלּוֹנִי

the Almighty, root powerful; supreme Lord, from 717. These will be considered in the Syntax.

We now proceed to the IXth class of augmented nouns, which take the Heemanti letter at the end.

167. In this class the vowel immediately preceding the final is either (+) or (†), which induced Hiller to suppose, that the adjunct was D, or i, respectively. It is believed that these nouns are intensitive in signification. If then we suppose to be a particle derived from, which means tumult, as of a multitude, or noise, as of the waves of the sea, we can easily conceive how the addition of such a particle to any primitive word would make it intensitive in signification. This will account,

* Nothing, surely, can be more ridiculous than the opinion of Simonis and others, expressed in his "Arcanum Formarum," (p. 584. 5.), viz.: that the

perhaps, for the termination. In the next place, the root Dis does not occur in the Hebrew Bible, but is to be found in the

Arabic, signifying, he became fat, or corpulent. If, then, we can suppose an abbreviated form of this word to be attached to any other, we shall have the termination, which will also give an intensitive signification to the compound. The following are a few examples: the student may arrange them under their respective measures, if he shall think it necessary to do so.

quite דוּמָם ; most truly אָמְנָם ; the whole day יוֹמָם ; lice כְּנָם -full redemp פַּדְיוֹן and פִּדְיוֹם ; quite naked עֵרֹם orעֵילָם ; silent

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tion; the entire whole; a body of men, Judg. xx. 48.

Tenth Class of Heemanti Nouns, receiving a final z.

168. Grammarians are generally agreed, that nouns receiving this letter as a final are intensitive in signification.

This letter is affixed to words simple or augmented, with the vowels () or i; thus 1 or 1; whence we may suppose, that 7, or 1, signifying strength, power, riches, wealth (the primitive form of which will be 7, or 1, Art. 87.) is the root. And hence, also, we may have the form 17, or 1, contracted by Art. 75. to 1 or 17, the words from which these terminations may have been taken; and which, added to any other word, would naturally give it an intensitive meaning. Some have also supposed the meaning to be occasionally diminutive, which I am inclined to believe is the case in some instances.

אַלְמָנָה .fem אַלְמָן

Art. 73.), root a great palace.

Examples.

*

a widow; a large gift; 137 (for 127 corn; also with the additional ♫', '???

figures of and being extended, may account for the intensitive meaning of these forms; and that, being inclosed, will give the idea of comprehensiveness, representing as it were a pregnant mother inclosing her offspring within the womb! For it is very probable these words were in use before the letters were invented.

See the Arcanum Formarum, p. 564.

Artt. 13. 96.) frequent אֶתְיוֹן for) אִיתוֹן ;widowhood אַלְמְוֹן The Most High. So עֶלְיוֹן ; a palace הַרְמוֹן orאַרְמוֹן ; entry

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great confidence;

homunculus, i. e. the

also with augmented nouns: as, in great contempt; ipy great drought.

In lunulæ, Is. iii. 18, and i

reflected image of a man in the eye, Deut. xxxii. 10 (from the moon and a man) we have, perhaps, examples of a dimi

nutive.*

2d. This intensitive letter is frequently attached to verbs, and has been termed the Nún Paragogic, or Epenthetic. It is found in the Arabic in the same situation, and is termed by

The confirmatory Nún ;

the Arabian grammarians, its office is to impart certainty or intensity to the verb, to which it is attached. The same powers have been ascribed to the Hebrew similarly situated, though it must be confessed, such powers are not always apparent from the context.†

N. B. All words thus augmented, whether the augment is prefixed or postfixed, may be considered as compound words.

On the Reduplicated and otherwise Compounded Words.

169. We shall have no difficulty in perceiving, that, if one word may be qualified or otherwise restricted in its signification by the addition of another, a similar result will be obtained when any word is repeated: and, that the effect will be the same, whether both such words are written out at length, or whether they are combined in one. Both these methods are adopted in the Hebrew. In some cases entire words are repeated; in others they are contracted into one word, by rules presently to be considered. In the

* We have in the Syriac a diminutive of this form; see Hoffmann's Gram. Syr., p. 251.

† Nun Paragogicum, Verborum personis in Jod et Vau finitis additum, semper esse Emphaticum notat Hottingerus de Officiis Literarum Servil. Analysi Jobi subjectis, § 9. Arcan. Form. p. 564. And Schroder gives the following passage as illustrative of this opinion: 1 Sam. xvii. 25, Then a qui percusserit illum, hunc ditabit rex: "ubi," says he,

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sonus fortior est, quam si scriptum esset et 17 &c." R. 168. The true force of this particle will be given hereafter.

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