bined; examples will be given in Art. 159. But, as no conjugation is grounded on this form, it will not be necessary to dwell very particularly on it here. IT 12. We now come to the forms having , n, or П, prefixed. These then we take to be derived from some word, which, when combined with any other, will give the modification of sense usually attributed to these forms. If we take Chald. or Heb. 7 coming, arriving at, as the primitive word, and suppose, л, or ♫, to be a fragment of it, we shall have a particle, which when prefixed to any word will give something like a passive or reciprocal sense, which all are agreed is the import of this form: e. g. 2 or Tre; of the Chaldee form, or , will mean, coming, or as we say in English, becoming, visited; and will be either passive or reflective, &c., as the sense of the context shall requiré. So in Latin, amatum iri, in which the word iri is manifestly derived from the verb Ire, to go. The passives of the Persian, Hindustani, and probably of the Sanscrit, are formed in a similar manner. Properties of the Conjugations grounded on this Form. 13. First to be or become, that which the primitive word signifies (which in Arabic is termed submission); as, he became polluted; p he became strong; DN he became red; or, if the context require it, he made himself so, reflectively, or, was made so, passively. So in Arabic, I corrected him, and he became corrected, &c.* In the eighth * Lumsden's Arabic Grammar, p. 182—“ Submission.” Or, as the حصول اثر الشي عن تعلق الفعل المتعدي ,Arabic Grammarians define it M نحو كسرت الزجاج فانكسر ذلك الزجاج فان انكسار الزجاج اثر قد The impression .... حصل عن تعلق الكسر الذي هو اثر الفعل المتعدي made upon any thing by the action of a transitive verb: as, I broke the glass, and the glass became broken. Now, the glass's becoming broken, Arabic species, to which this is nearly allied, we have the same property: as, pïèli xïssċ I grieved him, and he expresses the impression made by the active verb breaking.-In the كتاب التعريفات المطاوعة هي حصول الاثر عن تعلق الفعل : we have المتعدي بمفعوله نحو كسرت الاناء فتكسر فيكون تكسر مطاوعاً اي موافقا لفاعل الفعل المتعدي وهو كسرت لكنه يقال لفعل يدل e. Almotauaat, is the .. عليه مطاوع بفتح الواو تسمية لشي باسم متعلقه receiving of an impression from the operation of an active verb upon its object: as, « I broke the vessel, and it became broken." So that (j) it became broken is the Motāwaat (or Motāwia), i. e. it is the word corresponding to that of the agent of the transitive verb, which is here, I broke but the verb to which reference is made is termed Motawaa ;(کسرت) with the vowel a after the w : naming the thing in question by the (مطاوع) name proper for that affected; i. e. the verb which has here the passive form is named by a word (E) which has an active signification, and vice versa. I have been the more particular in pointing out this distinction, because we shall have occasion to refer to it again, and because Mr. de Sacy has entirely misunderstood its force. In his Gram. Arab., vol. i. p. 104, we have the following note. "La verbe dont la signification est passive ou neutre, se nomme encore comme le dit Giggeius: et en effet, Beïdawi, sur le مطاوع pen s'en faut que les كان السموات يتفطرن v. 4. de la surate 42 ou on lite تکاد قرا البصريان وابو بكر بالذون : cieur ne se fendent, ou ne soient fends, dit Les deux lecteurs de . والاول ابلغ لانه مطاوع فطر وهذا مطاوع فطر Basra et Abou-Becr lisent ; mais la première leçon est plus ener gique, parce que hi est le passif dei, et hålle passif debi. was therefore grieved; he reproached him vehemently, and he became reproached. 14. Secondly, To feign, pretend, exhibit, &c. that which the primitive word signifies: as, Josh. ix. 4, 177231 they feigned themselves to be messengers; 2 Sam. xiii. 5,6, he pretended to be sick; Prov. xiii. 7, wyn one boasting (himself) to be rich. So, wiņa feigning (himself) to be poor; thou shewest (thyself) gracious; D thou shewest (thyself) perfect, Ps. xviii. 26. And, in Arabic, he pretended Nothing, I think, can be less accurate than to class the term لازم and, غير واقع غير متعد those of All that Beidawi means, seems to be, that is more elegant than b, because it is the (see the definitions above) of hi, not of ‚hi, as the other reading is. The real difference between neuter verbs, termed by the Arabs ;, &c. is, that they imply intransitive action, habit, or inseparable properties : as, beauty, deformity, colour, &c.; whereas co or El signify the accidental influence of any transitive verbs exerted upon their objects; which is the real difference between the Hebrew forms and ?, as will be seen hereafter. The real force, then, of this form will be best expressed by made, became, or the like as in made to go, became visited, &c.; which will lay the groundwork for the reciprocal sense, &c., the context always determining who is the agent. * The fifth species which has often a passive sense; and constantly in the Ethiopic. It was shewn, Art. 146. 8, that certain forms had occasionally an objective or subjective signification, according to the view in which they were taken; the same appears to be the case in these forms; and, hence it is, that these verbs have sometimes a passive, at others a reflective, and at others an active signification. The same is the case in the Niphḥal form; and apparently for the same reasons. 9300 . satiety; the woman assumed the manners of a man. 15. Thirdly, Frequency, or intensity, of the action or passion meant by the primitive word: as, 2 he walked about much, or continually; he solicited a favour with great earnestness. In Arabic persevered in shewing bravery; he persevered in acquiring mildness. And in the eighth Arabic species, he he persevered in acquiring; and, in the sense of earnest request, he demanded his hire. 16. Fourthly, In many instances the sense is the same as it would be, if the verb had been used in the primitive form termed Kal: as, pyn he kept the laws, statutes, &c. This also, with many other properties unknown to the Hebrew, is found in the Arabic.* For the transpositions and other changes which take place in certain words, when augmented by the particles л, or л, see Art. 83. 17. Nouns which receive at the beginning will generally designate the Instrument, Agent, Action, Passion, State, Place, or the like, by or in which the influence of any verb is exerted, suffered, * It is a curious fact that in the Arabic, the eighth species of the conjugation of the form, equivalent in force to our, has occasionally mostly used. bypa the sense of the first(); in that case the seventh, Now, this seventh Arabic species corresponds exactly with our (see No. 19.); and, the consequence will be, if these dialects mutually illustrate one another, that the Hebrew 7 and by will have the same, or very nearly the same, force: see Ps. ii. 2, where both occur in the same passage : and also that both will not be found under the same roots unless the have the force of the Kul: and, generally, these are found to be the facts of the case. &c. respectively as, an ax (root cutting); Tone מָקוֹם :יידן visiting; a place (root standing).* With respect to the reason for this variation of signification, Grammarians are generally silent. Simopis has supposed it to be equivalent to that which the preposition similarly situated would supply. I may perhaps be excused if I offer a different solution. If we suppose, then, that the word originally prefixed was either or 12 who, or which, or what, as the sense may require, we shall have significations corresponding to those of the words of these forms, e. g. The who visits, or is visiting; and, striking out the, for the purpose of abridging the word, we shall have TR as above. The same will be the case, if we take T2 12, for then the will be lost by Art. 76. These are the forms which designate agents when the verb is transitive: and such are all the participial forms commencing with. In the next place, if we take or that which, &c. and prefix it, contracted as before, we shall have &c. So, a work, for so of others. an ax, for that which (is a) cutting, that which (is a) doing; and 18. We now come to give some account of the prefix ɔ, and of the modification of sense, which primitive words undergo in consequence of its influence. And here, as before, we may perhaps be allowed to offer a conjecture, as to its origin. If, then, we take it as the defective form of some primitive word, appearing sometimes as , at other times as only, we may suppose it to be derived from the root, which, had it been preserved in the Hebrew, might have been written 77, 7, or . The senses attributed to it by Castell are, among others :—' -“ Ad extremum perfectionis terminum pervenit assecutus fuit, seu percepit. IV. Retinuit, detinuit, coercuit V. Lenitate, modestia et patientiâ usus fuit, &c." Supposing, then, this word, or some defective form of it, to be construed with any other, the sense of both taken together will, in general, give the force of the forms thus compounded. And, as this form of compound is often used as the leading word of one of the species of the conjugation, it becomes the more important to ascertain its properties. .... .... * Hoffman's Gram. Syr., p. 244. |