2. Here, as before, the plurals, &c., are regularly formed: as, pl. abs. masc., fem. ?, the pl. masc. of construction does not occur in this example: but, for the fem. we have . The only instance in which this word occurs with the pronoun is Job xxxi. 20, . So a von; justice, righteousness; ? learning; confidence; to which many more may be added.

.Art) עֲיָרִים for עָרִים .a city, pl (עִיִרְ) עִיר,Of the Defective nouns

his mouth, &c.:

75.); the mouth (prim. 7, the latter being dropped, Art. 74, and the first changed to ", Art. 80.). So, with the pronouns: for (Art. 75.) my mouth; thy mouth; and, in the fem. plur. mouths, and masc.. The Learner should be informed, however, that it is often extremely difficult to say, to which of the forms such words as these belong; and, as it is of no very great importance to which they are attached, we shall on every occasion offer but a very few.

Of the Fifth Species.

152. These have the primitive forms 7p, and ip, and constitute a considerable class of Nouns in the

2. Of this last form, perhaps, no other word occurs, unless the Infinitives of the form p are to be added: these, however, upon receiving one or other of the pronouns, assume the same form with the first, but are never found in the plural number.

3. The masculine plural of the first of these forms is

the substitute ;קָדָשִׁים as : פָּקְדִים regularly of the form

for Shěvá preserving the original vowel of the word. In the plural of construction we have ; and with the pronouns singular and plural, TR, TR, &c.; pl. TWIR, IWIR, DO’WIR, DO'WIR, &c., all regularly

formed. In the word

(for ), we have in the

.by Art ,רָאֲשֵׁי and רָאָשִׁים for רָאשֵׁי and רָאשִׁים plural

,

87.5, being preserved to avoid ambiguity; and with the pronouns (for ), on account of the quiescence of in the preceding vowel (Art. id.), □¬, 77, &c. The same form prevails in the plural with the pronouns: as, 187, 87, &c. In some instances, is thought to take the same plural form : as, OTR, TR, &c., for T, &c. But in these cases, the primitive may have been of a different form: if not, this word is occasionally anomalous or erroneously written. So, a root,,, &c.; but in construction a threshing floor, fem. makes its abs. pl. nia, for ni, by a similar anomaly: and, in the pl. of construction we have also From ina. we have his greatness; from P, is his handful, by adopting the obliquely corresponding vowel.

4. When the middle letter happens to be a guttural, the euphonic (:) becomes (-) (Art. 108.): as, form, a pustule, &c., while in some instances the () remains: as, thumb.

a tent;

5. In some cases Khōlém remains in the abs. pl. as,

also in those which have not the grave pronominal affixes: as,

;

the

; as

s,

; but, in construction and with those affixes, the first vowel is Kāméts Khātúph: as, boholé, b, &c. which are regular,

אהלי

דן

ōholé,,

D. Kimkhi takes it to be Kāméts.*

6. the thumb, fem. forms the plural nih, but does not occur with any of the pronouns. In the same manner are formed

T: IT

* Michlol, fol. 7, verso, which, according to him, is always the case when a guttural letter occupies the place of the second radical: as in ing bas the tents of Edom, Ps. lxxxiii. 7; the defilings of the priesthood, in Ib. iv. 5, is, he however, that in the

Neh, xiii. 29;

•T: IT

דן:ד

twin roes, Cant. vii. 5; but thinks, derived from a different primitive. I believe,

above cases, () is Kāméts Khātúph, to be read as Khōlém; and if so, there is

no irregularity in the word, although there is a slight one in the syllabication.

splendour, and

the plurals of
and in; but these, according to
other form of the singular (perhaps

Amos iii. 10.

front, presence: as, iria D. Kimkhi, belong to some 2, 1, &c.); as, Ob

7. A few peculiarities prevail in the word deserve notice. Its original form seems to be

ill savour, which

; but, with the

pronouns it is written i,, &c. in which the o is drawn back (Art. 87. 5.). In the time of Kimkhi, however, it was irregularly written is, , with a quiescent N, which inclined him to think that the singular form must have been

.

8. In those cases, in which the last letter is a guttural, the sound of o is lost: as, 7 a spear, pl. '72: but, with a pronoun it

abs., but in construction in.

.pl אָרָחוֹת a way, makes אֹרַח ; their spears רָמְחֵיהֶם,returns : as

fem. bitterness ; to מָרְרָה for מָנָה ;waste ,בְּהֶו for בְּהוּ ;(.2 .87

9. Of the defective nouns, we have n for emptiness (Art.

which many others may be added.

10. These nouns are regularly abstracts in signification (Art. 146. 8.): and, in many instances, where they appear not to be so, some translated sense takes its place: as, a king, which originally meant possession, dominion, or the like, but which, in process of time, seems to have lost its primitive force. Perhaps it still retains that sense in Proverbs xiv. 28.

"In the multitude of people is the glory of rule;

But in the diminution of a nation is the stroke of poverty."

In this case is opposed to it, which seems to me to prove, that rule or dominion is the sense in which it must be taken. Some indeed have proposed to read prince, at the end of the second hemistich, but this will be unnecessary when we restore to its primitive

سلطان

signification. In like manner the word Sultān, which means power, rule, or the like, has been applied to

the Emperor of Constantinople; and in our own lan

guage we use Justice, Magistrate, Lordship, and many similar expressions, which were originally abstract nouns. See also Hosea x. 15.

On the Forms of the Second Class of Primitive Nouns, which are not Segolate.

153. Having laid down the different forms and inflections of the primitive nouns which are termed Segolate, we now come to others which are also primitive, but which have not the peculiarity of punctuation found to prevail in them; and which, moreover, have the toneaccent on the last syllable: and as it will be unnecessary, to give the forms of the plurals in all cases-of the noun when in the state of construction, or when in connection with the several pronouns; we shall only point out the instances in which any difficulty may arise, either from a vowel being immutable, or any other cause, which will be all the Learner can want. The following are the forms peculiar to this species of nouns: viz.

.VI : פָּקִיד .V : פְּקֵד .IV : פָּקֵד .III : פָּקַד .II : פְּקַד .I : פָּקְוֹד .X : פּוֹקֵד .IX : פְּקוּד .VIII : פָּקוּד .VII : פְּקִיד

XI. Tip.

places.

The feminine forms will be given in their

*If, however, we consider the forms, TRP and TRE, TRE and TRE, TRE

respectively, identical, the ,פָּקוֹד and פְּקוֹד פָּקוּד and פְּקוּד פָּקִיד and

number of the forms will be reduced to sir.

2. As the last example exhibits the feminine form generally used in construction, nothing further need be said about it. In the first two, we have no vowel which can be said to be immutable. The plurals therefore and pronouns will take those forms, which a regard to the vowels and accents would suggest as proper: and the rule seems to be, that in every case, the vowel farthest removed from the accent will be rejected; as, 77, in constr. (Art. 143. 3.) with the pronouns 177, 1777, &c. pl. abs. 77, in constr. 777 (for 77, Art. 106. 1.): with pron. 77, 77, &c. with an asyllabic pron. '777, 7777, &c. throughout. The same will hold good in all similar forms, in which the vowels are by analogy mutable.

3. In some instances the first () is immutable, but in these it is believed to occupy the place of : as a horseman; Arab.;

4. Nouns of these forms are generally Concrete, and will therefore designate substances: as, DIN a man;

hail; flesh: epithets; as, a wise man ; ya wicked man.* In some cases they seem to be abstract: as, weeping; TRY! crying out, &c.; but this may take place by the operation of a metonymy, just as the contrary effect sometimes takes place in the Segolates (Art. 152. 10.).

* Whether the Hebrews ever considered words of this kind as adjectives, as we do, I very much doubt. But, whatever may be said on this subject, it is much more convenient, in considering the structure of this language, to treat them as epithets, including a substantive with their attributive properties, as in the English word fool, &c. See the Syntax.