EXAMPLF

The boy, attentive to his studies, is sure to excel. The boy, who is attentive to his studies, is sure to excel. The boy, being attentive to his studies, is sure to excel. The boy is sure to excel, as he is attentive to his studies. The boy is sure to excel, if he be attentive to his studies. By being attentive to his studies, the boy is sure to excel.

EXERCISES.

1. Shame being lost, all virtue is lost.

2. The king, who had never before committed an unjust action, dismiss ed his minister without inquiry.

3. He descended from his throne, and ascended the scaffold, and said, "Live, incomparable pair."

4. She was deprived of all but her innocence, and lived in a retired cottage with her widowed mother, and was concealed more by her modesty than by solitude.

SECTION VI.

VARIETY OF STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION.

Vary both the structure and the expression of the following sentences:

EXAMPLE.

A wolf let into the sheepfold, will devour the sheep. A wolf being let into the sheepfold, the sheep will be devoured. If we let a wolf into the fold, the sheep will be devoured. The wolf will devour the sheep, if the sheepfold be left open. If the fold be not shut, the wolf will devour the sheep. Slaughter will be made among the sheep, if the wolf get into the fold.

EXERCISES.

1. Gentleness corrects whatever is offensive in our manners.

2. All mankind must taste the bitter cup which destiny has mixed.

3. The places of those who refused to come were soon filled with a multitude of delighted guests.

4. He who lives always in the bustle of the world, lives in a perpetual warfare

SECTION VII.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

Combine the following simple into complex sentences, making the secondary clauses adjective, relative, participial, adverbial, connective, absolute, apposition, or parenthetical, as the sense may require :

EXAMPLE.

The wall of China is evidence of a rich nation. The wall of China is evidence of a populous nation. The wall of China is evidence of an effeminate nation. Men of courage defend themselves by the sword. Men of courage do not defend themselves by bulwarks.

The wall of China is evidence of a rich and populous nation; but it is also evidence of an effeminate nation: men of courage defend themselves by the sword, not by bulwarks.

EXERCISES.

1. Diligence is a material duty of the young. Industry is a material duty of the young. Proper improvement of time is a material duty of the young.

2. Patience preserves composure within. Patience resists impressions from without. Trouble makes impressions from without.

3. Our sky seems settled and serene. In some unobserved quarter gathers the little black cloud. In the little black cloud the tempest ferments. In the little black cloud the tempest prepares to discharge itself on our head.

4. The benevolent John Howard settled his accounts at the close of the year. He found a balance in his favor. He proposed to his wife to make use of it in a journey to London. He proposed to make use of it in any other amusement she chose. "What a pretty cottage for a poor family it would build !" was her reply. This charitable hint met his cordial approbation. The money was laid out accordingly.

5. A farmer stepped into a field to mend a gap i. one of the fences. At his return he found the cradle turned upside down. He had left his only child asleep in the cradle. The clothes were all torn and bloody. His dog was lying near the cradle besmeared also with blood. He immediately conceived that the dog had destroyed his child. He instantly dashed out the dog's brains with the hatchet in his hand. He turned up the cradle. He found his child unhurt. He found an enormous serpent lying dead on the floor. The serpent had been killed by the faithful dog. The courage and fidelity of the dog preserved the life of the child. The courage and fidelity of the dog deserved a very different return.

SECTION VIII.

IDEAS SUGGESTED TO FORM SENTENCES.

Let the teacher propose a subject, and each pupil, at his suggestion, successively express an idea upon it. Let the ideas be written down as first expressed, and afterward re-written in simple or compound sentences, as the sense may require :

EXAMPLE.

Write about Silver. Name some of its properties. It is brilliant. It is sonorous. It is ductile. Where is it found? In various parts of the world. Particularly in South America. At Potosi. What are its uses? It is coined into money. It is manufactured into silver-plate.

Silver is a brilliant, sonorous, and ductile metal. It is found in various parts of the world, and particularly at Potosi in South America. It is coined into money, and manufactured into silver-plate.

V.-ARRANGEMENT OF SENTENCES.

THE ARRANGEMENT of words in sentences is eitner grammatical or rhetorical.

Grammatical arrangement is the order in which words are usually placed in speaking and writing.

Rhetorical arrangement is that order of the words, in which the emphatical parts of the sentence are placed first.

The rhetorical arrangement is used chiefly in poetry and impassioned prose.

The principal rules for arranging words in sentences are as follows:

I. In sentences grammatically arranged, the subject or nominative is generally placed before the verb; as, "The birds sing;" "To obey is better than sacrifice."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the subject or nominative is often placed after the verb; as, "Shines forth the cheerful sun;" "Great is Diana of the Ephesians."

The nominative is also placed after the verb in the following instances: 1. When the sentence is interrogative; as, "Do riches make men hap

2. When the sentence is imperative; as, "Go thou."

3. When a supposition is expressed by an ellipsis; as, "Were it true." 4. When the sentence begins with there, here, &c.; as, "There was a commotion among the people;" "Here are five loaves."

5. In such phrases as, said he, replied they, &c.

II. The article is always placed before the noun, whose signification it limits; as, "A table;" " An inkstand;" "The book."

1. When the noun is qualified by an adjective, the article is placed before the adjective; as, "A large house."

2. The indefinite article is placed between the noun and the adjectives many and such; and also between the noun and all adjectives which are preceded by as, so, too, and how; as, "Many a man has attained independence by industry and perseverance;" "Such a misfortune has seldom happened" "So great a multitude;" "How mighty a prince!"

as,

3. The definite article is placed between the noun and the adjective all ; "All the people are assembled."

III. In sentences grammatically arranged, the adjective is generally placed before the noun which it qualifies; as, "A beautiful tree;" "A swift horse."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the adjective, when it is emphatic, is sometimes placed at the be

ginning of the sentence; as, "Just and true are all thy ways."

The adjective is frequently placed after the noun in the following instan

ces:

1. When it is used as a title; as, “Alexander the Great."

2. When other words depend upon it; as, "A man generous to his enemies."

3. When several adjectives belong to one noun; as, 66 A man wise, just,

and charitable."

4. When the adjective expresses dimension; as, "A wall ten feet high.” 5. When it expresses the effect of an active verb; as, "Vice renders men miserable."

6. When a neuter verb comes between it and the noun or pronoun; as, "It seems strange."

IV. The pronoun of the third person is placed after that of the second; and the pronoun of the first person after those of the second and third; as, "You and I will go;" "Shall it be given to you, to him, or to me?"

V. In sentences grammatically arranged, the active verb is generally placed before the word which it governs; as, "If you respect me, do not despise my friend."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the active verb is frequently placed after the word which it governs; as, “Silver and gold have I none."

The active verb is also placed after relative pronouns; as, "He is a man whom I greatly esteem."

VI. In sentences grammatically arranged, the infinitive mood is placed after the verb which governs it; as, "He loves to learn."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the infinitive mood, when emphatic, is placed before the word which governs it; as, "Go I must, whatever may ensue."

VII. Adverbs are generally placed immediately before or immediately after the words which they quali

fy; as, "Very good;" "He acted wisely."

Adverbs, when emphatic, are sometimes placed at the beginning of a sentence; as, "How completely his passion has blinded him!"

VIII. Prepositions are generally placed before the words which they govern; as, " With me;" "To them."

In familiar language, prepositions are sometimes placed after the words which they govern, and even at a distance from them; as, "Such con duct I am at a loss to account for."

IX. Conjunctions are placed between the words or clauses which they connect; as, "Come and see;"

"Be cautious; but speak the truth."

1. Conjunctions of one syllable, with the exception of then, are always placed first in the clauses or sentences which they connect; as, "Virtue is praised by many, and doubtless would be desired also, if her worth were really known: see, then, that you do as she requires."

2. Conjunctions of more than one syllable (with the exception of whereas, which must always be the first word in the sentence or clause) may be transferred to the place where they are the most agreeable to the ear in reading; as, "Piety and holiness will make our whole life happy; whereas sinful pursuits will yield only a few scattered pleasures Let us diligently cultivate the former, therefore, while we carefully abstain from the latter."

SECTION I.

VARIETY OF ARRANGEMENT.

Vary the arrangement of the following sentences by transposing the members or clauses :

EXAMPLE.

I had long before now repented of my roving course of life, but I could not free my mind from the love of travel.

Of my roving course of life I had long before now repented, but from the love of travel I could not free my mind.

I could not free my mind from the love of travel, though I had long before now repented of my roving course of life.

From the love of travel I could not free my mind, though of my roving course of life I had long before now repented.

EXERCISES.

1. The Roman state evidently declined in proportion to the increase of luxury.

2. For all that you think, and speak, and do, you must at the last day

account.

3. The greatness of mind which shows itself in dangers and labors, if it wants justice, is blamable.

4. It is a fact, about which men now rarely differ, that the paper-mill and the printing-press are inventions for which we can not be too thankful.*

SECTION II.

VARIETY OF ARRANGEMENT (continued).

Change the grammatical into the rhetorical arrangement in the following passages:

EXAMPLE.

You may set my fields on fire, and give my children to the sword; you may drive myself forth a houseless, childless beggar, or load me with the fetters of slavery; but you never can conquer the hatred I feel to your op pression.

* Exercises similar to those under Sections I., II., III, IV., V., may be prescribed from the reading-lessons of a class.