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material, for all except damp and tropical countries. If you are likely to have much riding, take extra leather or moleskin trousers, or tweed covered down the inside of the legs with leather, such as cavalry soldiers generally wear. Leather is better than moleskin against thorns, but worse against wetit will far outlast moleskin. There hould be no hem to the bottom of the legs of trousers, as the wet is materially retained by one. Waistcoats are generally laid aside unused. A leather coat is good in cases where leather trousers are advisable. A blouse, cut short so as to clear the saddle, is neat, cool, and easy, as a riding or walking costume. A thick dressing-gown is of very great comfort; persons who travel, even with the smallest quantity of luggage, would do well to take one. It is a relief to put it on in the evening, and is a warm extra dress for sleeping in. Whether in hot or in cold weather, it is eminently useful, comforting, and durable.

Socks. The hotter you expect the ground to be on which you have to walk, the thicker should your socks be. Have plenty of woollen socks.

Braces. Do not despise them, nor omit to take two pairs.

Shoes. Nothing is equal to European shoes; if they wear out, and none of the party are successful in making others from dressed hide, recollect sandals. If travelling in a hot, dry country, grease plentifully both your shoes and all other

leather.

There are such varieties in dress, that it would be endless to prolong these remarks; I therefore continue the subject with a list of clothes, suggested by an eminent Australian traveller for the equipment of a party who might travel there. To which I would suggest, in addition, one pair warm mittens; one short blouse, blue or grey, one mackintosh sheet. It

must be recollected that the climate of Australia oscillates between the widest extremes of heat and cold, dry and

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Mr. Gordon Cumming describes his bush costume as follows: -"My own personal appointments consisted of a wide-awake hat, secured under my chin by 'rheimpys' or strips of dressed skin, a coarse linen shirt, sometimes a kilt, and sometimes a pair of buckskin knee-breeches, and a pair of veldtschoens,' or home-made shoes. I entirely discarded coat, waistcoat, and neckcloth; and I always hunted with my arms bare; my heels were armed with a pair of powerful persuaders, and from my left wrist depended, by a double rheimpy, an equally persuasive sea-cow jambok. Around my waist I wore two leathern belts or girdles. The smaller did the duty of suspender, and from it on my left side depended a plaited rheinpy, eight inches in length, forming a loop, in which dangled my powerful loading-rod, formed of a solid piece of horn of the rhinoceros. The larger girdle was my shooting belt; this was a broad leather belt, on which were fastened four separate compart

ments, made of otter skin, with flaps to button over, of the same material. The first of these held my percussion-caps, the second a large powder-flask, the third and fourth, which had divisions in them, contained balls and patches, two sharp clasp-knives, a compass, flint and steel. In this belt I also carried a loading-mallet, formed from the horn of the rhinoceros; this and the powder-flask were each secured to the belt by long rheimpys, to prevent my losing them. Last, but not least, in my right hand I usually carried my doublebarrelled two-grooved rifle, which was my favourite weapon. This, however, I subsequently made up my mind was not the tool for a mounted man, especially when quick loading is necessary."

§2. Personal cleanliness.-There is no denying the fact, though it be not agreeable to confess it, that dirt and grease are great protectors of the skin against inclement weather, and that therefore the leader of a party should not be too exacting about the appearance of his less-warmly clad followers. Daily washing, if not followed by oiling, must be compensated for by wearing clothes. Take the instance of a dog. He will sleep out under any bush, and thrive there, so long as he is not washed, groomed, and kept clean; but if he be, he must have a kennel to lie in. A savage will never wash unless he can grease himself afterwards,-grease takes the place of clothing to him. I mentioned previously a Swedish proverb; it would be very true if varied thus, "Grease and dirt are the savage's wearing apparel!" There must be a balance between the activity of the skin and the calls upon it, and where the exposure is greater, so must the pores be more defended. This is a strangely artificial state that we live in, in Europe, where our whole body is swathed up in many folds. of dress, excepting the hands and face, the first of which

are frequently gloved. We can afford to wash, but naked

men cannot.

Toilet in travel.-The most convenient time for a traveller to make his own toilet, in rough travel, is after the early morning's ride, a bath being now and then taken in the afternoon. It is trying work to wash in ice-cold water, in the dark, early, and blowing morning, besides which, when the sun rises up, its scorching heat tells severely on a washed face. Where water has to be economised, the best way of making a little go very far is the Mahomedan fashion, in which an attendant pours a slender stream from a jug, which the washer receives in his hands and distributes over his person. (See Soap and its substitutes.)

§ 3. Knapsacks, knives.-It is recommended that knapsacks, if not exceeding 6 pounds in weight, should be attached to a belt, and made to lie against the small of the back. When the bearer sits down to rest himself, the weight of his burden is at once relieved, and it is much speedier work to unbuckle the belt than to struggle out from the thongs of a knapsack. In hot countries, the confinement from these straps is unbearable. A fishing basket replaces a knapsack excellently, it is perhaps the better of the two. Sixteen or twenty pounds' weight, at the outside, is as much as a man not trained to the business should carry. English knapsacks have a bad reputation; they are said to be neither light nor waterproof.

Knives.-A great hunting-knife is a useless incumbrance; no old sportsman and traveller cares to encumber himself with one; but a butcher's knife, in a sheath, is an excellent thing, both from its efficient shape, the soft quality of the steel, its lightness, and the strong way in which the blade is set in the haft. If a traveller wants a pocket knife full of all kinds of tools, those that he stands most often in need of are,

something to strike a light with; a small sharp-pointed triangular thing to bore holes in leather with; an awl; a good gimlet; a blade, shaped like a packing needle, to push small thongs and twine through holes in leather; a penknife blade of soft steel; a good small turnscrew; and possibly a corkscrew, and a button hook. A knife contrived to contain simply the above things would undoubtedly be useful, while all else seems to me superfluous.

§ 4. Dry clothes.-"I may as well tell, also, how we managed to keep our clothes dry when travelling in the rain; this was rather an important consideration, seeing that each man's wardrobe consisted of what he carried on his back. Our method was at once effective and simple; if halting, we took off our clothes and sat on them; if riding, they were placed under the leathern shabraque of the mule's saddle, or under any article of similar material, bed or bag, that lay on the camel's pack. A good shower-bath did none of us any harm, and as soon as the rain was over, and the moisture on our skins had evaporated, we had our garments as warm, dry, and comfortable, as if they had been before a fire. In populous districts, we kept on our drawers, or supplied their place with a piece of rag, or a skin, and then, when the rain was over, we wrapped ourselves up in our quarry,' and taking off the wetted articles, hung them over the animals' cruppers to dry." (Mr. Parkyns.) And again, in another author, "The only means we had of preserving our sole suit of clothes dry from the drenching showers of rain, was by taking them off and stuffing them into the hollow of a tree, which, in the darkness of the night, we could do with propriety."

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Captain Bligh, who was turned adrift in an open boat after the Mutiny of the Bounty, writes thus about his experience :"With respect to the preservation of our health, during a

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