the sentence can be analyzed or parsed: in the latter, an equivalent expression is substituted for an entire proposition. The predicate is always retained, but is used as an assumed attribute, the assertion being wholly omitted.

3. To abridge a subordinate clause,

1st. Drop the subject, if it be already expressed in the principal clause: if not, retain it changing its case to the possessive, objective, or absolute.

2d. Drop the connective, and change the copula or verbal predicate to a participle or an infinitive.

Rem. 1.—The abridged form of an adjective clause, is a participial, infinitive, or prepositional phrase.

Ex.

=

=

= A

"Our friends who live in the city" Our friends living in the Our friends in the city. "A book that may amuse you". book to amuse you.

eity

Rem. 2.-The abridged form of an adverbial clause is a participial, infinitive, prepositional, or absolute phrase.

Ex.-"When we heard the explosion, we hastened to the spot" Hearing the explosion, we hastened, &c.; "I attend school that I may learn = I attend school to learn; "If he be economical, he will become rich" He will become rich by being economical; "When the soldiers arrived, the mob dispersed"=The soldiers having arrived, &c.

Rem. 3.—The abridged form of an objective clause is an infinitive phrase.

Ex. "We wish that you would stay": thought that he was a merchant"

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=

We wish you to stay. "I I thought him to be a merchant.

Rem. 4.-Abridged propositions retain the logical construction of the clauses which they represent: i. e., abridged adjective, adverbial, or objective clauses become, respectively, adjective, adverbial, or objective phrases.

192. Model for Analysis.

XXX. "The shower having passed, we resumed our journey." This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). We is the subject; (why?): resumed is the grammatical, and resumed our journey, the shower having passed, is the logical predicate. "Resumed" is modified by journey, an objective element

of the first class, which is modified by our, an adjective element of the first class. "Resumed" is also modified by the absolute phrase, the shower having passed, an abridged proposition, equivalent to "when the shower had passed." "Shower" is modified by the and having passed, adjective elements of the first class.

193. Exercises.

Analyze the following sentences, giving equivalent clauses for the abridged propositions:

1. Cæsar having crossed the Rubicon, Pompey prepared for battle. 2. Having accumulated a large fortune, he retired from business. 3. Being but dust, be humble and wise. 4. Judging from his dress, I should pronounce him an artisan.

5. I believe him to be an honest man. 6. There is no hope of his recovering his health. 7. There is no prospect of the storm's abating. 8. Having been detained by this accident, he lost the opportunity of seeing them.

194. Directions for Analysis.

I. In analyzing,

1. Read the sentence.

SENTENCES.

2. Determine from its form and use, whether it is declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

3. Determine whether it is simple, complex, or compound.

4. Arrange all the parts in natural order.

5. If necessary for analysis or parsing, supply all ellipses.

II.-If it is a simple sentence,

1. Point out the logical subject and logical predicate.

2. Point out the grammatical subject and grammatical predicate. 3. Determine whether the subject is simple, complex, or com、 pound; and when complex, point out and classify its modifiers with their qualifications.

4. Determine whether the predicate is simple, complex, or compound; and when complex, point out and classify (1) its objectivo modifiers, (2) its adverbial modifiers, with their qualifications.

5. Point out the attendant elements, and all the connectives.

III. If it is a complex sentence,

1. Analyze the principal clause as in (II).

2. Analyze the subordinate clause or clauses as in (II).

IV. If it is a compound sentence, each member should be analyzed as a simple or complex sentence, as in (II) or (III).

ELEMENTS.

V.—1. If an element is a single word, it is completely reduced. 2. If an element is a phrase or a clause, determine,

a. The connective, and the parts it joins.

b. In a phrase, determine the antecedent and subsequent terms of relation of the preposition.

c. In a clause, point out the subject and predicate.

3. If an element is complex,

a. Reduce it to simple elements.

b. First point out the basis of each complex element, then the others in their order.

4. If an element is compound,

a. Separate it into its component simple elements.

b. Point out and classify the connective which joins them. c. Dispose of each element separately, as in (1) and (2) above. Rem. The sentence being reduced by analysis to the parts of speech of which it is composed, let the teacher select such words as should be parsed, and instruct his pupils how to dispose of them according to the "models for parsing."

195. Model for Complete Analysis.

XXXI. "The patriot, whom the corrupt tremble to see arise, may well feel a grateful satisfaction in the mighty power which heaven has delegated to him, when he thinks that he has used it for those purposes only which heaven approves."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): complex; (why?). It is composed of six clauses. The principal clause is,

The patriot may well feel a grateful satisfaction in the mighty power.

The subordinate clauses are,

1. Whom the corrupt tremble to see arisc;

2. Which heaven has delegated to him;

3. When he thinks;

4. That he has used it for those purposes only;

5. Which heaven approves.

"Patriot" is the subject of the principal clause; "may feel" is the predicate.

The subject, “patriot,” is modified (1) by “the,” an adjective element of the first class, and (2) by "whom the corrupt tremble to see arise," an adjective element of the third class; of which "whom" is the connective, "corrupt" is the subject, and "tremble" is the predicate. "Corrupt" is modified by "the," an adjective element of the first class: "tremble" is modified by "to see," an adverbial element of the second class; which is modified by "whom," an objective element of the first class, and "whom" is modified by “[to] arise,” an adjective element of the second class.

The predicate, "may feel," is modified (1) by "well," an adverbial element of the first class: (2) by "satisfaction," an objective element of the first class; which is modified by "a" and "grateful," adjective elements of the first class: and (3) by "in the mighty power which heaven has delegated to him," an adverbial element of the second class; of which "in power" is the basis, "in" is the connective, and “power” is the object. "Power" is modified (1) by “the” and “mighty," adjective elements of the first class: (2) by "which heaven has delegated to him," an adjective element of the third class; of which "which" is the connective, “heaven" is the subject, and “has delegated” is the predicate: "has delegated” is modified (1) by "which," an objective element of the first class: (2) by "to him," an adverbial element of the second class; of which "to" is the connective, and "him" is the object.

"May feel" is modified (4) by “when he thinks," &c., an adverbial element of the third class; of which "when" is the connective, "he" is the subject, and "thinks" is the predicate. "Thinks" is modified by & that he has used it," &c., an objective element of the third class; of which “that” is the connective, "he" is the subject, and “has used” is the predicate. “Has used” is modified (1) by "it,” an objective element of the first class: (2) by "for those purposes only," &c., an adverbial element of the second class; of which "for purposes" is the basis, "for" is the connective, and "purposes" is the object. “Purposes" is modified (1) by "those" and "only," adjective elements of the first class: and (2) by "which heaven approves," an adjective ele

ment of the third class; of which "which" is the connective, “heaven" is the subject, and "approves" is the predicate. "Approves" is modified by "which," an objective element of the first class.

196. Brief Method of Analysis.

"Patriot" is the subject; "may feel" is the predicate.

The subject, "patriot," is modified (1) by "the," an adjective element of the first class, and (2) by "whom the corrupt tremble to see arise," an adjective element of the third class.

The predicate, "may feel," is modified (1) by "well,” an adverbial element of the first class, denoting manner: (2) by "a grateful satisfaction," a complex objective element of the first class: (3) by "in the mighty power which him," a complex adverbial element of the second class: and (4) by "when he thinks . . . . approves," a complex adverbial element of the third class, denoting time.

....

197. Miscellaneous Examples.

1. Hypocrisy is a sort of homage that vice pays to virtue 2. The gods have set a price on every real and noble pleasure. 3. He was a very young boy; quite a little child. 4. It has all the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration.-Burke.

5. "Well, what is it?" said my lady Brook. 6. Suddenly the watch gave the alarm of "A sail ahead!" 7. He saw a star shoot from heaven, and glittering in its fall, vanish upon the earth. 8. Sweet are thy murmurs, O stream!-Ossian.

9. Their slumbers are sound, and their wakings cheerful. 10. We one day descried some shapeless object floating at a distance. 11. And behold there came a voice unto him, and said, What dost thou here, Elijah ?-Bible.

12. I passed the house many successive days. 13. He wore an ample cloak of black sheep's wool, which, having faded into a dull brown, had been refreshed by an enormous patch of the riginal color. His countenance was that of the faded part of his cloak.— Bryant.

14. The line which bisects the vertical angle of a triangle, divides the base into segments proportional to the adjacent sides. 15. He is so good, he is good for nothing. 16. The clouds are divided in heaven: over the green hills flies the inconstant sun: red, through the stony vale, comes down the stream of the hills.-Ossian.