class: to obey is the predicate; (why?): it is an element of the second class: is is the copula.

XXI. "Many actions apt to procure fame, are not conducive to our ultimate happiness."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?); simple; (why?). Actions is the subject; (why?): conducive is the predicate; (why?) are is the copula. : The subject, "actions," is modified by many and apt, adjective elements of the first class: "apt" is modified by to procure, an adverbial element of the second class, and "to procure," by fame, an objective element of the first class. The copula, "are," is modified by not, a modal adverbial element of the first class; and the predicate, “conducive," by to happiness, an adverbial element of the second class, and "happiness," by our and ultimate, adjective elements of the first class.

XXII. "The credulity which has faith in goodness, is a sign of goodness."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): complex; (why?). "Credulity is a sign of goodness" is the principal proposition, and "which has faith in goodness," the subordinate.

Credulity is the subject of the principal proposition; (why?): sign is the predicate; (why?): is is the copula. The subject, "credulity," is modified by the, an adjective element of the first class, and by which has faith in goodness, an adjective element of the third class: “sign," the predicate, is modified by a, an adjective element of the first class, and by of goodness, an adjective element of the second class. Which is the subject of the subordinate proposition; (why?): has is the predicate; (why?). The predicate, "has," is modified by faith, an objective element of the first class, and by in goodness, an adverbial element of the second class.

XXIII. "I thought, when I saw you last, that I should never see you again."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): complex; (why?). "I thought" is the principal proposition: "when I saw you last" and "that I should never see you again," are subordinate propositions.

I is the subject of the principal proposition; (why?): thought is the predicate; (why?). The predicate, "thought," is modified by when I saw you last, an adverbial element of the third class, and by that I should never see you again, an objective element of

the third class. I is the subject of the objective clause; (why?): should see is the predicate; (why?): "should see" is modified by you, an objective element of the first class, and by never and again, adverbial elements of the first class. I is the subject of the adverbial clause; (why?): saw is the predicate; (why?): "saw" is modified by you, an objective element of the first class, and by when and last, adverbial elements of the first class. When and that are connectives, joining the clauses they introduce to "thought."

175. Exercises in Analysis.

1. Thou hast uttered cruel words. 2. I bow reverently to thy dictates. 3. He shakes the woods on the mountain side. 4. He builds a palace of ice where the torrents fall. 5. The panther's track is fresh in the snow. 6. Black crags behind thee pierce the clear blue sky. 7. Soon rested those who fought. 8. His home lay low in the valley. 9. He had a remarkably good view of their features. 10. All said that Love had suffered wrong. 11. Heaven burns with the descending sun. 12. I will go to-morrow.

13. How pleasant it is to see the sun! 14. To doubt the promise of a friend is a sin. 15. He wishes to go to the house. 16. It was now a matter of curiosity, who the old gentleman was. 17. The fires of the bivouac complete what the fires kindled by the battle have not consumed. 18. In my daily walks in the country, I was accustomed to pass a certain cottage. 19. Toward night, the schoolmaster walked over to the cottage where his little friend lay sick.

20. I am now at liberty to confess that much which I have heard objected to my late friend's writings, was well founded. 21. One of his favorite maxims was, that the only way to keep a secret is never to let any one suspect that you have one. 22. How his essays will read, now they are brought together, is a question for the publishers, who have thus ventured to draw out into one piece his "weaved-up follies.”—Lamb.

23. Examples may be heaped until they hide

The rules that they were made to render plain.
24. Merciful wind, sing me a hoarse, rough song,
For there is other music made to-night
That I would fain not hear.

25. Woe worth the chase! woe worth the day!
That cost thy life, my gallant gray.-Scott.

176. Exercises in Synthesis.

Write seven sentences, limiting their subjects by an adjective element of the second class.

Models.-Love of display is a sin. Greed of gain is wrong.

Write seven sentences, limiting their subjects by an adjective element of the third class.

Model.—The house which you see yonder, belongs to my father.

Write seven sentences, limiting their predicates by an objective element of the second or third class.

Models. I wish to remain. He says that he can not walk.

Write seven sentences, limiting their predicates by an adverbial element of the second or third class.

Models. I study to learn. I will come when you call me.

Write seven sentences, introducing attendant elements.
Model. I think, my dear friend, that you are mistaken.

Analyze the sentences you have written.

KINDS OF ELEMENTS.

177. Simple Elements.

1. A Simple Element is one which is not restricted by a modifier.

Ex.-"A rich man;" "A man of wealth;" A man who is wealthy." The word rich, the phrase of wealth, and the clause who is wealthy, are simple adjective elements.

2. The Grammatical Subject is the simple subject.

3. The Grammatical Predicate is the simple predicate.

Rem. The same distinction may be made in the other elements.

178. Models for Complete Analysis.

XXIV. "To err is human."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). To err is the grammatical subject; (why?): human is the grammatical predicate; (why?): is is the copula.

XXV. "I am in haste."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). I is the grammatical subject; (why?): in haste is the grammatical predicate; (why?): am is the copula.

179. Exercises.

1. Banners were waving. 2. To forgive is divine. 3. It is pleasant to read. 4. Stars have been shining. 5. Weapons were procured. 6. To covet is sinful. 7. To quarrel is disgraceful. 8. To rob is to plunder. 9. Vessels are in sight.

180. Complex Elements.

1. A Complex Element is one which contains a leading element, restricted in meaning by one or more modifiers.

2. The leading element is called the basis.

Rem.-The basis determines the class of a complex element. If it be of the first, second, or third class, the entire element is said to be of the first, second, or third class.

Ex.—“ A very rich man.” Very rich is a complex adjective element of the first class, modifying "man": rich is the basis, and is modified by very, an adverbial element.

"A man faithful when others were faithless." The words in italics form a complex adjective element of the first class, modifying "man": faithful is the basis, and is modified by the clause when others were faithless, an adverbial element of the third class.

"He wishes to know who you are." The words in italics form a complex objective element of the second class; to know is the basis,

and is modified by the clause who you are, an objective element of the third class.

"I like people that listen when I talk." The words in italics form a complex adjective element of the third class: that listen is the basis; and listen, the predicate, is modified by the clause when I talk, an adverbial element of the third class.

3. The Complex or Logical Subject is the simple subject taken with all its modifiers.

Rem. 1.—The simple subject, when a noun, may be modified,

1. By an adjective; as, "Loud reports followed."

2. By a participle; as, "The hour appointed has come." 3. By a possessive; as, "George's plan succeeded."

4. By a noun in the same case; as, "Gay the poet is dead." 5. By a phrase; as, "A storm of applause followed."

6. By a clause; as, "Money which I earn is my own."

Rem. 2.—A subject may have all the preceding modifications in the same sentence.

Rem. 3.—When the simple subject is a pronoun, it may have all the modifications of a noun, except that made by a noun or pronoun in the possessive case.

Rem. 4.—An infinitive or participial noun, used as a subject, may be modified (1) as a noun, by a word, phrase, or clause in the nominative case, in apposition with it; (2) as a verb, by the modifiers of a verb.

4. The Complex or Logical Predicate is the simple predicate taken with all its modifiers.

Rem. 1.-The simple predicate, when a verb, may be modified, 1. If transitive, by an object; as, "He saves money." 2. By an adverb; as, "The horse runs swiftly."

3. By a phrase; as, "He lives in Troy," "He studies to learn." 4. By a clause; as, "He knows where the mushrooms grow."

Rem. 2.-When the predicate is an adjective, a participle, a noun, or any thing used as a noun, it may have all the modifications of the part of speech with which it is classed.