Affirm quality of the following subjects:

Apples, cherries, peaches, fruit, books, desks, winter, spring, summer, autumn, sugar, quinine, vinegar, grammar, writing, evenings, darkness, chemistry, geography.

Models.-Apples are ripe. Quinine is bitter.

Ascertain all the distinguishing properties of five substances. Affirm them of the substances to which they belong.

Models.—Chalk is white; chalk is opaque; chalk is brittle; chalk is incombustible, &c.

Affirm class or kind of the following subjects:

Oranges, horses, hens, flies, Henry, Washington, ships, gold, silver, sharks, water, air, table.

Models.-Oranges are fruit. Henry is a clerk.

159. Subordinate Elements.

1. A Modifier is a word, phrase, or clause joined to a term to limit or restrict its meaning or application.

Ex.-A wealthy man. Chairs to mend. A man who is wealthy.

2. Subordinate Elements are those which modify other elements. They are distinguished as Objective, Adjective, and Adverbial.

160. Objective Element.

An Objective Element is a word or group of words which completes the meaning of a transitive verb in the active voice, or of its participles. It is usually called the object.

Ex.-Heat melts metals. Men love money. I wish to be quiet. Alice knew that we were not at home. Him they sought.

Rem. 1.-The objective element answers the question formed by using Whom? or What? with the predicate, or with the subject and predicate.

Ex.-"John writes letters." Writes what? Ans.-"Letters" the object. "Brutus killed Cæsar." Brutus killed whom? Ans."Casar" the object.

Rem. 2.-By "completing the meaning of a verb" is meant restricting its application, by stating that on which its action terminates. In the sentence "John writes," the predicate "writes" is taken in its most general sense: what John writes is not mentioned. In the sentence "John writes letters," the application of the predicate is restricted to the single act of writing letters. "Letters" being the object on which the act of writing terminates, it is called the objective element.

Rem. 3.-Some verbs are followed by two objects: one denoting a person or thing; the other, the rank, office, occupation, or character of the person, or the species of the thing. See, also, ? 32, Rem. 2.

Ex. They elected Charles captain. He called him a scoundrel. He makes the sea his home. They declared self-government a delusion.

Rem. 4. Another class of verbs is followed by two objects: one denoting a person or thing; the other, that to or from which the act tends. The former is called the direct, the latter the indirect object.

Ex. He taught me arithmetic. money. They sent John a telegram.

He sold me a horse. I gave

him

161. Models for Analysis.

VI. "Columbus discovered America."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?).

Columbus is the subject; (why?): discovered is the predicate: (why?). The predicate is modified by America, an objective element.

VII. "Whom did you see?"

This is a sentence; (why?): interrogative; (why?): simple; (why?). You is the subject; (why?): did see is the predicate; (why?). The predicate is modified by whom, an objective element.

VIII. "Bring me flowers."

This is a sentence; (why?): imperative; (why?): simple; (why?). Thou or you, understood, is the subject: (why?): bring is the predicate; (why?). The predicate is modified by me, an indirect, and by flowers, a direct object.

IX. "They have chosen Mr. Ames speaker."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). They is the subject; (why?): have chosen is the predicate; (why?). The predicate is modified by Mr. Ames, an objective element; and Mr. Ames, by speaker, an adjective element, denoting office.

162. Exercises in Analysis.

1. He examined the books. 2. Silas studied geology. 3. They watched the storm. 4. You must obey the laws. 5. We earn money. 6. Merchants sell goods. 7. Engineers run locomotives. 8. Blacksmiths shoe horses.

9. Farmers sow grain. 10. Give me music. 11. They chose him. 12. We have chosen him director. 13. Bring him a book. 14. Whom did you call?

163. Exercises in Synthesis.

Sentences containing objective elements are arranged as follows:

Declarative; Subject.. Predicate.. Object; as, "I found it." Interrogative; 1. Object.. Predicate.. Subject; as, “What see you?" 2. Object.. Auxiliary.. Subject.. Verb; as, "What did you see?" Imperative; Predicate.. Object; as, "Practice economy."

Rem. 1.—In inverted order, the arrangement of declarative sentences, is

Object.. Subject.. Predicate; as, "Him they found."

Write sentences containing an objective element, using the following words as subjects:

Men, boys, heat, lightning, horses, locomotives, scythe, knife, shears, clerks, merchants, blacksmith, tailor, mason, doctors, lion, oxen, eagles.

Models. Men drive horses. Boys fly kites. Merchants sell goods.

Write sentences containing two objects, using the above or any other

nouns:

Models.-Charles calls doctors physicians. Frank calls a sleigh a cutter. I consider William a genius.

Write sentences containing a direct and an indirect object, using the following verbs:

Ask, buy, bring, do, draw, deny, find, get, leave, make, pass, pour, promise, provide, present, sell, send, show, refuse, teach, tell, throw, write.

Models.-Emma asked me a question. He bought Charles a pony.

Change each of the verbs, in sentences written last, into the passive voice, making either object the subject.

Models.—I was asked a question. A pony was bought for Charles. Analyze the sentences you have written.

164. Adjective Element.

An Adjective Element is a word or group of words which modifies a noun, or any expression used as a noun.

Ex. A good man. Mr. Myers the banker. Friend Hiram. "If you can: a sensible if." “Done gone,” a vulgarism, is frequently heard. My book is on Ellen's desk. A letter, written in haste. She came, laughing.

Rem. 1.—An adjective element is a definitive or descriptive term used to modify the meaning of a noun or its substitute. The relation which a predicate attribute sustains to the subject is affirmed: the relation which an adjective element sustains to the term it modifies is assumed, or taken for granted.

Ex.-"That man is wealthy." The predicate "wealthy" is affirmed to belong to "man." "A wealthy man." The attribute "wealthy" is here assumed to belong to "man," and is an adjective element.

Rem. 2.—An adjective element containing a single word may be,

1. An Adjective; as, "Ripe apples."

2. A Participle; as, "Hats made to order."

3. Ẩ Noun in Apposition; as, “Powers the sculptor."

4. A Possessive; as, "Eli's pen." "His hat."

165. Models for Analysis.

X. "Small lakes are abundant."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). Lakes is the subject: (why?): abundant is the predicate; (why?): are is the copula. The subject is modified by small, an adjective element.

XI. "The steamship Hibernia has arrived."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative: (why?): simple; (why?). Steamship is the subject; (why?): has arrived is the predicate; (why?). The subject is modified by the and Hibernia, both adjec tive elements.

XII. "My brother broke Stephen's slate."

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). Brother is the subject; (why?): broke is the predicate; (why?). The subject is modified by my, an adjective element. The predicate is modified by slate, an objective element, and “slate” is modified by Stephen's, an adjective element.

XII. "The old man, laughing, said 'Yes.'"

This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). Man is the subject; (why?): said is the predicate; (why?). The subject is modified by the, old, and laughing, adjective elements. The predicate is modified by Yes, an objective element.

166. Exercises in Analysis.

1. A large house was burned. 2. I wrote a long letter. 3. This land is government property. 4. Many hands make quick work. 5. A wise son maketh a glad father. 6. Man's necessity is God's opportunity. 7. Mr. Hodge the farmer hired Mr. Olds the mason. 8. Great wits jump.

9. He is a vain, conceited blockhead. 10. I want the largest apple. 11. Mary has chosen the better part. 12. Carlo's barking wakened the family. 13. I saw six swans. 14. This is my fortieth birthday. 15. Every man received a penny.