III. "She counseled him, that when he arose in the morning, he should beat them without mercy."-Bunyan. This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): complex; (why?): “She counseled him" is the principal proposition; "that he should beat them without mercy" the first subordinate, modifying "counseled"; and "when he rose in the morning," the second subordinate, modifying "beat." "That" and "when" are connectives. IV. "Pope had perhaps the judgment of Dryden: but Dryden certainly wanted the diligence of Pope."―Johnson. This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): compound; it is composed of two propositions, joined by a coördinate connective: "Pope had perhaps the judgment of Dryden" is the first member, and "Dryden certainly wanted the diligence of Pope" is the second. "But" is the connective. 153. Exercises. 1. Thy feet are fetterless. 2. Level spread the lake before him. 3. He waved his broad felt hat for silence. 4. A soldier of the Legion lay dying in Algiers. 5. It sank from sight before it set. 6. Ye softening dews, ye tender showers, descend! 7. None will flatter the poor. 8. Ye are the things that tower. 9. The house was wrapped in flames. 10. Hope and fear are the bane of human life. 11. The village all declared how much he knew. 12. He that refuseth instruction despiseth his own soul. 13. Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings? 14. How dreadful is this place, for God is here! 15. He dares not touch a hair of Catiline. 16. What can compensate for the loss of character? 17. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. 18. Time slept on flowers, and lent his glass to Hope. 19. All were sealed with the seal which is never to be broken till the great day. 20. O God, we are but leaves on thy stream, clouds in thy sky. 21. Talk to the point, and stop when you have reached it. 22. "It was now the Sabbath-day, and a small congregation, of about a hundred souls, had met for divine service, in a place more magnificent than any temple that human hands had ever built to Deity." Wilson. 23. I know thou art gone where the weary are blest, 24. What matter how the night behaved? What matter how the north wind raved?- Whittier. 25. Bird of the broad and sweeping wing, Thy home is high in heaven, Where the wide storms their banners fling, And the tempest-clouds are driven.-Percival. ELEMENTS. 154. Principal Elements. 1. The Principal Elements of a proposition are those which are necessary to its construction. They are the Subject and the Predicate. 2. The Subject of a proposition is that of which something is affirmed. Ex. "Time is precious." "Time" is the subject; it is that of which "precious" is affirmed. 3. The Predicate of a proposition is that which is affirmed of the subject. Ex.-"Time is precious." "Precious" is the predicate; it is that which is affirmed of the subject. Rem.-In these definitions, the term "affirm" is meant to include say, ask for, command, entreat, or exclaim. 4. The Subject may be a word, a phrase, or a clause. Ex. - Winter is coming. as you go,” is a good rule. H is a letter. To steal is base. "Pay "Why will he persist ?" is often asked. Rem. The subject of a proposition may be known by its answering the question formed by using Who? or What? with the predicate. Ex. "John is careless." "John," therefore, is the subject. Who is careless? Ans.-"John." "To be sick is disagreeable." What is disagreeable? Ans. "To be sick." "To be sick," therefore, is the subject. 5. The Copula is some form of the verb to be, (is, was, has been, might be, &c.,) or a copulative verb. Its office is to affirm the predicate of the subject. Ex. "Silence is impressive." "Is" is the copula, and "impressive" the predicate. "Gold is a metal.". "Is" is the copula, and "metal" the predicate. "He may have been injudicious." "May have been" is the copula, and "injudicious" the predicate. "The fields look green." Look" is the copula, and "green" the pred 66 6. In affirming action, being, or state, the copula and predicate are generally united in one word, or one form, called a verb. Ex.-Pupils study. I am. The house stands. Rain is falling. Letters are written. 7. The Predicate may be a word, a phrase, or a clause. Ex.-Horses gallop. Wheat is a vegetable. The sun was shining. "To obey is to enjoy." He seems honest. My desire is, that you attend school. Rem. The predicate is sometimes erroneously called the attribute of a proposition, and the copula and predicate, taken together, the predicate. 155. Models for Analysis. I. "Birds sing." This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). Birds is the subject; it is that of which something is affirmed; sing is the predicate; it is that which is affirmed of the subject. II. "Scholars should be studious." This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). Scholars is the subject; (why?): studious is the predicate, (why?): should be is the copula. III. "Franklin was a philosopher." This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). Franklin is the subject; (why?): philosopher is the predicate; (why?): was is the copula. IV. "He was considered responsible." This is a sentence; (why?): declarative; (why?): simple; (why?). He is the subject; (why?): responsible is the predicate; (why?): was considered is the copula. V. "Be truthful." This is a sentence; (why?): imperative; (why?): simple; (why?). Thou or you, understood, is the subject; (why?): truthful is the predicate; (why?): be is the copula. 156. Exercises in Analysis. 3. Spring has come. 6. Mary might have 1. Children play. 2. Virtue ennobles. 4. Winter has departed. 5. You may go. sung. 7. Horses can run. 8. Flowers are blooming. 9. Money may be loaned. 10. Books will be bought. 11. Stars were shining. 12. John should have been studying. 13. Glass is brittle. 14. Water is transparent. 15. Savages may be merciful. 16. Men should be just. 17. Samuel should have 19. Job was pa been obedient. 18. Geography is interesting. tient. 20. I will be industrious. 21. They have been successful. 22. Iron is a metal. 23. Flies are insects. 24. Napoleon was a general. 25. Ostriches are birds. 26. "Men would be angels; angels would be gods." 27. They may have been truants. 28. Howard was a philanthropist. 29. He might have been a lawyer. 30. George had been a captain. 31. John looks cold. 32. I feel aguish. 33. Ants appear industrious. 34. Washington was elected president. 35. Avarice has become his master. 36. He seems dejected. 37. He became wealthy. 38. It was deemed inexpedient. 157. Arrangement of Elements. 1. Arrangement is the correct placing of elements. 2. Elements are arranged in Natural or Inverted order H. G. 12. 3. The Natural order of arrangement is that which is most customary. 4. The Inverted order of arrangement is any departure from the natural order. Rem.-In inverted order, the elements are said to be transposed. 5. The Natural order of arrangement is, In Declarative Sentences: 1. Subject.... Predicate; as "Winds blow." 2. Subject.... Copula .... Predicate; as, "Chalk is white." 3. Subject.... Auxiliary.. Predicate; as, "You may go." In Interrogative Sentences: 1. Copula .... Subject. . . . Predicate; as, "Is he wise?” 4. Subject.... Predicate; as, "Who remained?" In Imperative Sentences: 1. Predicate.. Subject; as, "Go thou." 2. Copula .... Subject.... Predicate; as, "Be ye merciful." In Exclamatory Sentences, the arrangement is the same as in declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. 6. The Inverted order is used when the predicate is made emphatic. Rem.—Inversion occurs in declarative and exclamatory sentences. The usual order of arrangement is Predicate... Copula... Subject; as, "Great was our wonder;" "Known unto God are all his works." 158. Exercises in Synthesis. Affirm actions of the following subjects: Winds, waters, stars, fire, light, acorns, sheep, rabbits, fishes, men, women, boys, girls, children, thunder, lightning, storms, nobles, kings, merchants. Models.-Winds blow. Storms rage. |