Over 133. Models for Parsing. I. "The horse ran over the hill." . is a preposition; it is a word used to show the relation II. "He came out from under the bridge." From under is a complex preposition; (why?): it shows the relation between "bridge" and "came": Rule XIX. 134. Exercises. Parse the prepositions in the following sentences: 1. Will you go with me into the garden? 2. In my father's house are many mansions. 3. We went over the river, through the corn-fields, into the woods yonder. 4. I am not satisfied as to that affair. 5. All came but Mary. 6. The Rhone flows out from among the Alps. 7. He went from St. Louis, across the plains, to California. 8. Light moves in straight lines, and in all directions from the point of emission. 9. They went aboard the ship. 10. Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne, Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world.-Young. Exercises to be corrected: 2. I will pay 1. Divide the peaches among the two children. you during the year. 3. Washington was a friend of his country. 4. He took the book in his own hand. 5. There is the key to that piano. 6. He arrived in Cleveland on Friday. 7. It corresponds with the sample. 8. They differ with each other in opinion. 9. The book was left out in the package I sent you. 10. The still, sultry morning was followed with a hailstorm. 11. Never depart out of the straight path. 12. He put money in his pocket. 13. He came in my office yesterday. 14. What is my grief in comparison of that which she bears? 15. He was eager of making money. 16. He went out of a fine morning, with a bundle in his hand. 17. He is conversant with Italian. 18. He boasted 20. I about the money he had made. 19. They are to church. wish you would stay to home. 21. He is dependent, on his daily labor for his support. 22. I can make no diminution in my tuition rates. 23. He died with a fever. 24. He left the room accompanied with his wife. 25. Crossing the isthmus is not attended with many difficulties. 26. Do not interfere among your neighbors' concerns. 27. We ought to profit from the errors of others. 28. The scenery was different to what I had supposed. 29. He does business in No. 147 Canal Street. 30. The space between the three roads is intended for a parade ground. THE CONJUNCTION. 135. Oral Lesson. In the sentence "Emma and Eva study algebra," what is the subject? Ans.—“ Emma and Eva." Why? Ans. Because something is affirmed of them. That is right. They are both subjects of the same predicate; and to indicate that they both sustain the same relation to the rest of the sentence, they are joined by the word "and." This is called a Conjunction, because its use is to join words. It is a copulative conjunction, because it joins elements of the same rank or name. In the sentence “Emma or Eva studies algebra,” “or” is a conjunction, but it denotes opposition of meaning. If Emma studies algebra, Eva does not. Those words which connect other words, but denote opposition of meaning, are called disjunctive conjunctions. In the sentence "Both Emma and Eva study algebra," "both" and "and" are called correlative conjunctions, because each answers or refers to the other. 136. Definition. A Conjunction is a word used to connect words, sentences, and parts of sentences. Ex.—“The horse and wagon were captured, but the driver escaped;" "He lives out of town, and on a farm." In the first sentence, and connects "horse" and "wagon," and but connects the two propositions, "the horse and wagon were captured" and "the driver escaped." In the second sentence, and connects the phrases "out of town" and "on a farm." Rem.-Conjunctions sometimes merely introduce sentences; as, "And it came to pass in those days;" "That the times are hard, is undeniable." 137. Classes of Connectives. 1. Connectives are divided into two general classes: Coördinate and Subordinate. 2. Coördinate Connectives are those which join elements of the same rank or name. 3. Subordinate Connectives are those which join elements of different ranks or names. Rem. 1.-Coördinate connectives are pure conjunctions. They form no part of the material of which a sentence is composedtheir use being to unite the material into a single sentence. Ex.-"The man and his wife were both drowned;" "Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers;" "The air is damp, and hushed, and close;" "And love the offender, yet de est the offense." Rem. 2.- Subordinate connectives are relative pronouns, conjunctions, or conjunctive adverbs. Relative pronouns represent antecedents, and join those antecedents to clauses which describe them: conjunctions introduce limiting clauses: conjunctive adverbs connect clauses, and modify a word in each. Ex.—“The man whom you saw is my father." Whom represents 'man," and joins to it the limiting clause "whom you saw." "I know that my Redeemer liveth." That joins the objective clause "my Redeemer liveth" to the verb "know." "The wind bloweth where it listeth." Where connects the two sentences, and modifies "bloweth" and "listeth." Rem. 3.—In parsing pure conjunctions, give the rule for coördinate connectives. In parsing conjunctions which introduce limiting clauses, give the rule for subordinate connectives. Conjunctive adverbs should be parsed (1) as subordinate connectives; (2) as adverbs. A relative pronoun should be parsed (1) as a subordinate connective; (2) as a relative. 138. Classes of Conjunctions. 1. Conjunctions are divided into three classes: Copulative, Disjunctive, and Correlative. 2. Copulative Conjunctions join on members denoting an addition, consequence, cause, or supposition. They are, And; "Cold and hunger awake not her care." Also; As used in an enumeration of particulars. 66 As; 'Always speak as you think." Because; "He learns, because he is studious." Consequently; "I am sick, consequently I can not come." So; "For Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all, all honorable men." Since; "They submit, since they can not conquer." 3. Disjunctive Conjunctions join on members denoting opposition of meaning. They are, Although, though; 'Though coarse, it is good." But; "I go, but I return." Either; "Either John or Charles will come." Neither; "Neither John nor Charles will come." Except; "Except it be because her method is so glib and easy." Notwithstanding; “He is just, notwithstanding he is stern.” Save; "When all slept sound, save she who bore them both." Unless; "We can not thrive, unless we are industrious and frugal." Whether; "I will ascertain whether he has come." Whereas; "Are not those found to be the greatest zealots who are most notoriously ignorant? whereas true piety should always begin with true knowledge." Yet; "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him." 4. Correlative Conjunctions are copulatives or disjunctives used in pairs, one referring or answering to another. They are, Both As. As. So So. Either If . Though and; "He is both learned and wise." as; "I am as tall as you." so; "As it was then, so it is now." as; "He is not so tall as I." that; "It was so cold that I nearly perished." or; "I will either send it or bring it." Neither ... nor; “Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents." then; "If he confessed it, then forgive him.” yet, nevertheless; "Though deep, yet clear." but also; “He was not only rich, but also generous." or; "I care not whether it rains or snows.' Not only sometimes used for either.. or, neither . . nor. 5. Certain combinations of words have the force of connectives, and should be parsed as conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs. They are, As if, as though, as well as, as soon as, as far as, as many as, except that, forasmuch as, in so much that, but also, but likewise, notwithstanding that, not only, &c. Ex. "Facts may be transmitted by tradition as well as by history;" "He went as far as the first line of pickets;" "You talk as if you were an idiot." 139. Order of Parsing. 1. A Conjunction, and why? 2. Copulative, Disjunctive, or Correlative, and why? 3. What does it connect? 4. Rule. |