nothing of what was being done. 15. Those trees will bear being pruned more yet. 16. A new school-house is being built in our district. 17. The boy had swam the river.

18. I will be drowned: nobody shall help me, 19. Would we have a good time if we should go? 20. Was I to play truant, I should get punished. 21. By following me, you shall get there sooner. 22. We will receive our money to-morrow. 23. Writing is to make letters with a pen or pencil.

24. The order served rather to exasperate instead of quieting the people. 25. Money is scarce and times hard. 26. I never could, and presume I never shall understand that passage. 27. Your intentions might, and probably were, good. 28. No one ever worked so hard as I have done to-day. 29. Any word that will compare is an adjective.

30. Time and tide waits for no man. 31. Either Stephen or Jonas have to stay at home. 32. What black despair, what horror fill his mind? 33. That a belle should be vain, or a fop ignorant, are not to be wondered at. 34. Our potatoes is all gone.

THE ADVERB.

122. Oral Lesson.

Write this sentence on your slates: "Jane sang a song." What element is "song"? Ans.-An objective element. Why? Ans.— Because it completes the meaning of the predicate. Write "Jane sang a song sweetly." Does "sweetly" complete the meaning of the predicate? Ans.-It does not. What word is modified by it, however? Ans.-"Sang." How does it modify "sang"? Ans.It tells how Jane sang.

Write this sentence: "You are very kind." What word is modified by "very"? Ans.-"Kind." What part of speech is “kind”? Ans.—An adjective. Write "A letter, hastily written, was sent me yesterday." What does "hastily" modify? Ans.— "Written." What part of speech is "written?" Ans.-A participle. Write "The letter was written very hastily." What does แ very" modify? Ans.-"Hastily." What does "hastily" modify? Ans.-"Was written."

Those words, and all others used in a similar manner, are called Adverbs.

123. Definition.

An Adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, adjective, participle, or an adverb; as, "She sings sweetly," "The roads are very rough;" "The ranks were quickly broken;" "He reads tolerably well."

Rem. 1.—An adverb is equivalent to a phrase consisting of a preposition and its object, limited by an adjective.

Ex.—“He walks rapidly," i. e., He walks in a rapid manner. "He lives there," i. e., He lives at that place. "The work is intensely interesting," i. e., The work is interesting in an intense degree.

Rem. 2.—An adverb sometimes modifies a phrase or a clause. Ex.—“He sailed nearly round the globe;" "The old man likewise came to the city." In the first sentence, nearly limits the phrase “round the globe;" and in the second, likewise modifies the entire proposition.

124. Classes.

1. With respect to their meaning and use, adverbs are divided into five classes: Adverbs of Time, Place, Cause, Manner, and Degree.

2. Adverbs of Time answer the questions, When? How long? How often?

Ex.-After, again, ago, always, anon, early, ever, never, forever, frequently, hereafter, hitherto, immediately, lately, now, often, seldom, soon, sometimes, then, when, while, weekly, until, yet, &c.

Rem.-To-day, to-morrow, to-night, yesterday, yesternight, (formerly written yester day and yester night,) are nouns, not adverbs. When used as modifiers, they should be parsed as nouns in the objective case, without a governing word. (See Rule VIII.)

Ex.—“He will come to-day;” “They all left yesterday,” “We had a severe storm yesternight."

3. Adverbs of Place answer the questions, Where? Whither? Whence?

Ex.-Above, below, down, up, hither, thither, here, there, where, herein, therein, wherein, hence, thence, whence, every-where, no

where, somewhere, far, yonder, back, forth, aloof, away, aboard, aloft, ashore, backwards, forwards, first, secondly, wherever, &c.

Rem.-There is sometimes used as an expletive to introduce a sentence; as, "There were giants in those days;" "Breathes there a man with soul so dead?"

4. Adverbs of Cause answer the questions, Why? Wherefore?

Ex.-Wherefore, therefore, then, why.

5. Adverbs of Manner answer the question, How?

Ex.-Amiss, asunder, anyhow, well, badly, easily, foolishly, sweetly, certainly, indeed, surely, verily, nay, no, not, nowise, haply, perhaps, perchance, peradventure, probably, &c.

Rem.-Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to adjectives or participles; as, wise, wisely; united, unitedly.

6. Adverbs of Degree answer the questions, How much? How little?

Ex.-As, almost, altogether, enough, even, equally, much, more, most, little, less, least, wholly, partly, only, quite, scarcely, nearly, excellently, too, chiefly, somewhat, &c.

7. Adverbs which show the manner of the assertion are called modal adverbs; as, verily, truly, not, no, yes, &c.

8. When, where, why, &c., when used in asking questions, are called interrogative adverbs.

9. An Adverbial Phrase is a combination of words used as a single adverb.

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Ex. "In general;" "hand in hand;" "by and by;" "through and through;" "no more;" for the most part;""; 'as usual," &c. Such combinations may be parsed as single adverbs.

10. Conjunctive Adverbs are those which connect two propositions, and modify a word in each.

Ex.-"I shall see you again when I return;" "Go where glory waits thee;" "I have been to Boston since I saw you last;" .99 66

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your bills before you leave;" "The book remained where I left it;" "I will go as soon as I have eaten my dinner.”

Rem. 1.—Conjunctive adverbs are equivalent to two phrases; one containing a relative pronoun, the other the antecedent of the relative. In the sentence, "He defends himself when he is attacked," when at the time in which. "At the time" modifies “defends," and "in which" modifies "attacked;" hence when, the equivalent of the two phrases, modifies both.

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Rem. 2.—The principal conjunctive adverbs are as, after, before, how, since, therefore, till, until, when, where, wherefore, while, and why.

125. Comparison.

Many adverbs admit of comparison.

1. Derivatives ending in ly are usually compared by prefixing more and most, less and least to the simple form; as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely; firmly, more firmly, most firmly.

2. Three adverbs are compared by adding er and est to the simple form, viz.: fast, faster, fastest; often, oftener, oftenest; soon, sooner, soonest.

3. Some adverbs are compared irregularly; as, well, better, best; ill, worse, worst; little, less, least; much, more, most, &c.

GENERAL REMARKS.

1. Some adverbs seem to be used independently; as, yes, no, why, well, &c., in certain constructions. They may be parsed as modifying the entire proposition, the preceding sentence, something understood, or as independent.

Ex.—“Have you my book?—No." "Why, that is strange." "Well, I am surprised." "Yea, the Lord sitteth King forever."

2. An adverb frequently denotes manner when it modifies a verb, and degree when it modifies an adjective or an adverb; as, "I think so": manner; "I feel so lonely"

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degree.

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3. Adverbs frequently become adjectives after copulative and passive verbs; as, "He reads better"= adverb; "He seems better” = adjective. "It runs well"= adverb; "He looks well” = adjective. 4. The adjective form of a word, or the adjective mode of com

parison, is allowed in poetry to a greater extent than in prose; as, Breathe soft, ye winds;" "Drink deep," "Dry clanked his har

ness."

5. Certain words are used sometimes as adverbs and sometimes as adjectives. They are adverbs when they modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, and adjectives when they modify nouns or pronouns.

In

Ex. "I can remain no longer;" "Let no man deceive you." the first sentence, "no" is an adverb, modifying "longer"; in the second, it is an adjective, modifying “man.”

6. In such expressions as "He works for hire only," "One man only was injured," "only" is an adjective, modifying the preceding noun. "He sells drugs and books also." Here "also" is an adverb, modifying "sells" understood. "He sells drugs, and he

also sells books."

126. Order of Parsing.

1. An Adverb, and why?

2. Compare it.

3. Tell what it modifies.

4. Rule.

Wisely..

Why.

127. Models for Parsing.

I. "He acted wisely."

́...... is an adverb; it is used to modify the meaning of a verb: compared, wisely more wisely, most wisely:

it is an adverb of manner, and modifies "acted": Rule XVIII: "Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, participles, and adverbs."

II. "Why do you laugh?"

is an adverb; (why?): it is not compared: interrogative adverb, and modifies "do laugh": Rule XVIII.

III. "They walk hand in hand."

Hand in hand is an adverbial phrase; it is a combination of words used as a simple adverb: it modifies "walk":

Rule XVIII.