in which object he at last succeeded in 1783, when he received the honour of knighthood. Before he left England he married Miss Shipley, daughter of the bishop of St. Asaph; and one of his first objects after his arrival at Calcutta, was to institute a society for the cultivation of oriental literature and science in general. This association took place in 1784, and sir William Jones was chosen the first president. The early volumes of the "Asiatic Researches," exhibit abundant testimonies of his diligence in this capacity, and of his varied attainments. Unfortunately, however, for the world of letters, his career was comparatively but short, for being attacked with an inflammation of the liver, of which he had no suspicion, it carried him off, rather suddenly, April 27. 1794. His works were published uniformly in 6 vols. quarto, in 1799; and subsequently an edition in 13 vols., with the life of the author, by lord Teignmouth, has been printed. A monument was erected to his memory in St. Paul's, and also a statue at Bengal, both by order of the company. In Universitycollege, likewise, a monument, executed by Flaxman, has been placed at the expense of lady Jones. The learning of this great scholar was not confined to the ancient and modern languages, of which he understood at least thirteen; but he had a thorough knowledge of the law, he was a good mathematician, conversant with natural history, and an elegant poet. To crown all, his talents and acquirements were consecrated to public utility, and the service of religion. -Life as above.

JONES (William), an excellent divine, was born at Lowick, in Northumberland, July 30. 1726. He was educated at the Charterhouse, from whence he removed to University-college, Oxford, where he contracted that friendship with Mr. Horne, afterwards bishop of Norwich, which lasted through life. On leaving the university he became curate of Finedon, Northamptonshire, and next of Wadenhoe, in the same county, where he wrote his "Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity," which has gone through numerous editions. In 1762 he published "An Essay on the first Principles of Natural Philosophy," which so pleased lord Bute, that he authorized him to purchase in his name any instruments that he might want. In 1764 the archbishop of Canterbury gave him the vicarage of Bethersden, in Kent, to which was afterwards added the rectory of Pluckley. He next obtained the perpetual curacy of Nayland, in Suffolk; soon after which he exchanged Pluckley for Paston, in Northamptonshire. When the French revolution gave birth to seditious movements in this country, Mr. Jones printed "A Letter from Thomas Bull to his brother John," which had an admirable effect. He was also concerned in establishing the British Critic; and he published a collection

of excellent tracts, under the title of "The Scholar àrmed against the Errors of the Times." On the death of his friend, bishop Horne, to whom he had been chaplain, he paid an affectionate tribute to his memory in an account of his life. In 1798 archbishop Cornwallis presented him to the sinecure rectory of Hollingbourn, in Kent, which he did not long enjoy; for the loss of his wife was followed by a paralytic stroke, and he died Feb. 6. 1800. His works have been collected and published, in 12 vols. 8vo. — Life by Mr. William Stevens.

JONSIUS, OF JONSENIUS (John), a learned writer, was born in 1624, at Flensburg, in the duchy of Sleswick. After teaching at Konigsberg and Flensburg he went to Frankfort, as sub-rector of the university, where he died in 1659. His principal work is entitled "De Scriptoribus historia Philosophicæ," 4to.; the best edition of which is that of 1716, 4to. — Chaufepie.

JONSON, or JOHNSON (Benjamin), was born in Westminster, June 11. 1574, about a month after the death of his father, who was a clergyman. Ben, as he was familiarly called, had his education at Westminster-school, but was taken from thence to work at his father-in-law's business, who was a bricklayer. This occupation, however, was so disagreeable to him, that he ran away, and served in the English army in Flanders. On his return he resumed his studies, and went to Cambridge; but, from the poverty of his circumstances, he was obliged to leave the university and take to the stage.

At first he was not very successful, either as an actor or an author; and in the former capacity, having the misfortune to kill another player in a duel, he narrowly escaped the gallows. While in confinement, he was perverted to the Romish religion, in which he continued some years. On his release he married, and recommenced writing for the stage, to which he was encouraged by Shakspeare, who performed in one of his pieces. In 1598 came out his comedy of "Every Man in his Humour;" which was followed by a new play every year, till the reign of James the First, when he was employed in the masks and entertainments at court. But, regardless of prudence, Ben joined Chapman and Marston in writing the comedy of "Eastward Hoe," which reflected so strongly on the Scotch nation, that the authors were sent to prison. Jonson, on his release, made atonement for his indiscretion, by flattering the monarch; who, in return, honoured him with marks of his favour. In 1613 he went to Paris, where he told cardinal Perron, that his translation of Virgil was good for nothing. About this time, also, began his quarrel with Inigo Jones, towards whom he behaved with savage scurrility, and made him the object of ridicule in the comedy of " Bartholomew Fair." He was now at the height of popularity, and the

university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of master of arts; and, in 1616, he obtained a pension of one hundred marks, which was made one hundred pounds by king Charles; who also granted him a tierce of Canary wine yearly out of his majesty's cellars. Want of economy, however, kept him constantly poor; although, in addition to the royal bounty, he had a pension from the city. He died Aug. 16. 1637, and was buried in Westminster-abbey. Besides his comedies, the best of which are the "Alchymist," "Epicene," and "Every Man in his Humour," he wrote some indifferent tragedies; poems; an "English Grammar;" and "Discoveries." All his works were printed, in folio; and subsequently in seven volumes, 8vo; the last edition by Mr. Gifford.— Biog. Brit. Gen. Biog. Dict. JORDAENS (Jacob), an historical and portrait painter, was born at Antwerp in 1594. He married the daughter of his master, Adam Van Oort, but afterwards he studied under Rubens, who is said to have been jealous of him. He was remarkable for rapidity of execution, and his pictures are full of brilliancy. He died in 1678, — D'Argenville.

JORDAN (Charles Stephen), was born at Berlin in 1702. On quitting the ecclesiastical state to become a courtier he was honoured with the friendship of the prince of Prussia, afterwards Frederic the Great, who advanced him to several lucrative places. He was also vice-president of the Academy of Sciences, and died in 1745. He wrote — 1. L'Histoire d'un voyage literaire. 2. Un Recucil de Literature, de Philosophie, et de Histoire. 3. Vie de M. de la Croze, &c.

Dict. Hist. JORDEN (Edward), an English physician, was born in 1569, at High Halden, in Kent. He took his degree at Padua, and, on his return, practised first in London, and afterwards at Bath, where he died in 1632. He wrote "A Discourse on the Bath Waters;" and some chemical works. — Wood.

JORTIN (John), a learned divine, was born in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, Oct. 23. 1698, and educated at the Charter. house, from whence he removed to Jesus college, Cambridge. While an under-graduate, he was employed in making extracts from Eustathius for Pope, who never made any enquiry after him. He took his bachelor's degree in 1719, and, soon after, was elected to a fellowship. In 1722 he took his master's degree, and, the same year, published some Latin poems, under the title of "Lusus Poetici." In 1727 he was presented to the college living of Swavesey, which he resigned the year following and settled in London; where he officiated in different chapels till 1751, when archbishop Herring presented him to the rectory of St. tan-in-the-East. The same prelate on him the degree of doctor in

divinity in 1755. Previous to this he had published three volumes of "Remarks on Ecclesiastical History;" in which he displayed equal ingenuity and candour. The remaining volumes were printed after his death. In 1755 he published "Six Dissertations upon different Subjects." For the last of these "On the State of the Dead, as described by Homer and Virgil," the author was violently attacked by Dr. Hurd, in what he called "A seventh Dissertation, on the Delicacy of Friendship;" but Jortin scorned to make any reply. In 1758 appeared the first volume of his "Life of Erasmus;" and the second, two years afterwards. In 1762 bishop Osbaldeston, of London, made him his domestic chaplain, gave him a prebend of St. Paul's, and the living of Kensington, where he died, Sept. 5. 1770. Besides the works already mentioned, he published-1. "Miscellaneous Observations upon Authors, Ancient and Modern," 2 vols.

2. Discourses concern

ing the Truth of the Christian Religion, 8vo. 3. Remarks upon Spenser's Poems. After his death were printed seven volumes of his sermons; and two of " Critical Remarks and Observations." All his works have been collected in a uniform edition.

JOSEPH BEN GORION, a Jewish writer, who is sometimes confounded with Josephus. He lived in the tenth century, and wrote a History of the Jews, in Hebrew, which Gagnier has translated into Latin; printed at Oxford, 1706, 4to. There is also an edition in Hebrew and Latin at Saxe Gotha, 4to. 1707. - Moreri.

JOSEPH, a Capuchin, commonly called Father Joseph, was born in 1577 at Paris. His family name was Le Clerc; and after completing his studies he went into the army, which, in 1599, he relinquished to become a monk. He founded the order of Benedictine nuns of Calvary, at Angers, and distinguished himself so much by his missionary zeal, that Louis XIII. procured for him a cardinal's hat, which he did not live to receive. He died in 1638. His life was written by the abbé Richard, 2 vols. 12mo.

JOSEPH of Exeter, or Josephus Iscanus, & writer of the twelfth century, so called from the place of his birth. He was an ecclesiastic, and accompanied archbishop Baldwin to the Holy Land, where he was in great favour with Richard I. He afterwards be came archbishop of Bourdeaux, where he died, and was buried in the cathedral. wrote two poems in Latin heroics; the one on the Trojan War, and the other entitled "Antiochesis," or the Crusade. - Prince's Worthies. Warton's Poetry.

He

JOSEPHUS (Flavius), the Jewish historian, was born at Jerusalem of the Asmonean family, about A. D. 37. He made so quick a progress in learning, that the chief priests paid deference to his judgment, when he was no more than sixteen. After studying

under Banun, a celebrated hermit, he joined the sect of the Pharisees. He took up arms in the defence of his country, and distinguished himself at the siege of Joppa, where he was taken prisoner by Vespasian, who would have put him to death, had it not been for the intercession of Titus. He now visited Alexandria, and studied philo sophy; after which he accompanied his patron, Titus, to Rome, of which city he was made free, and died there in the reign of Domitian. The "History of the Jewish War and Destruction of Jerusalem" was written at the command of Vespasian; and independently of its interest as a faithful and pathetic narrative of events, which the author witnessed in person, it is a noble testimony to the truth of the Christian religion. His "Jewish Antiquities" is also a valuable work; besides which he wrote his own Memoirs; and two books against Apion, a great adversary of the Jews. The best edition of this author is that of Hudson, Oxon, 2 vols. fol. Josephus has been translated into English by L'Estrange and Whiston-Life, in his Works.

JOUBERT (Francis), an ecclesiastic of Montpellier, was born in 1689. He was a zealous Jansenist, for which he suffered imprisonment some time in the Bastile. He died in 1763. His works are-1. The History of Joseph. 2. Caractere essentiel aux Prophètes. 3. Lettres sur l'interpretations des Saintes Ecritures. 4. Explanations of the Prophets, 8 vols. 12mo. Dict. Hist.

JOUBERT (Laurent), a physician, was born at Valence in 1529. He took his doctor's degree at Montpellier, where he became professor of medicine, and chancellor of the university. He died in 1583. His Latin works were printed at Lyons in 1582, folio; besides which he wrote some books in French, particularly a treatise on Laughter; and another, entitled "Erreurs Populaires touchant la Médecine," 1579.- - Rees's Cyclopædia.

JOUSSE (Daniel), a French lawyer, was born at Orleans, in 1704, and died in 1781. He published many works in the line of his profession. Dict. Hist.

JOUVENCI, or JOUVENCY (Joseph de), a Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1643, and died at Rome in 1719. His works are-1. The History of his Order, folio. 2. Orationes, 2 vols. 12mo. 3. De Ratione discendi et docendi. 4. Notes on the Latin Classics. - Moreri.

JOVINIAN, a heretic of the fourth century. He was an Italian monk, but what were his peculiar opinions can hardly be conjectured. He fled from Rome to Milan, where he sought the protection of St. Ambrose, but without effect; and, in 398, the emperor Honorius caused him to be scourged, and banished to an island on the Dalmatian

JOVIUS (Paul), an historian, was born at Como in 1483. He studied physic, and took his doctor's degree in that faculty; but soon quitted the profession for literary pursuits. Leo X. gave him a pension, and conferred on him the order of knighthood. Adrian VI. presented him to a canonry in the cathedral of Como, and Clement VII. made him bishop of Nocera. He died in 1552. The historical works of Jovius have been printed in 2 vols. folio, Strasburg, 1556. His other books are "De Piscibus Romanis," folio; Latin Poems; the Lives of the twelve Visconti lords and dukes of Milan; "Musæi Joviani Imagines;" a Collection of Portraits with Inscriptions; a Description of Great Britain, of Muscovy, and of the Lake of Como; and the Eulogies of Warriors. His brother Benedict, wrote a history of Como; a Treatise on the Manners of the Swiss, &c. - Tiraboschi.

JOUVENET (John), a painter, was born at Rouen, in Normandy, in 1644. He was a disciple of Poussin, after which he was employed at Versailles, and the Trianon. In the hospital of the Invalids at Paris, he painted the twelve apostles, of a gigantic size. Being struck with a palsy on his right side, he succeeded in painting with the left hand. He died in 1717. — D'Argenville.

JOYE (George), an English divine, was born in Bedfordshire, and educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took his degrees in arts, and obtained a fellowship, which he was obliged to resign in 1527, on account of his having embraced the principles of the Reformation. He then retired into Germany, where he was concerned in Tindale's translation of the Bible. He died in 1553. His works are-1. On the Unity and Schism of the Church. 2. The Subversion of More's false Foundation. 3. Commentaries. — Lewis's Hist. of Translations of the Bible.

JOYNER, OF LYDE (William), a Roman catholic writer, was born at Oxford in 1622. He became a fellow of Magdalen-college, but quitted it in 1644, and changed his religion. After an absence of forty-three years he was restored to his fellowship by James II., but did not enjoy it many months, when he was expelled. He was great uncle to Thomas Phillips, who wrote the Life of Cardinal Pope. Joyner died in 1706. His works are

1. The Roman Empress, a comedy. 2. Observations on the Life of Cardinal Pole. 3. Latin and English poems. Wood.

JUAN (Don George), a Spanish mathematician and knight of Malta, who, in 1735, was sent with Ulloa to Peru to measure a degree of the meridian, and determine the figure of the earth. On his return to Europe he was admitted a member of the

lished by Erasmus, in 6 vols. folio, 1526; but the best is that of the Benedictines, at Paris, in 5 vols. folio, 1706. - Dupin. Cave. JEROME OF PRAGUE, so called from the place of his birth. He studied in different universities, and took his doctor's degree in 1396; after which he propagated the doctrines of Huss with such zeal and success as brought upon him the vengeance of the council of Constance, and he was compelled to make a recantation; of which he soon repented, and was burnt to ashes, May 30. 1416. Life by Gilpin.

JERUSALEM (John Frederic William), a German divine, was born at Osnaburgh in 1709. He lived at Brunswick, where he was preacher to the court, and president of the consistory. He died in 1789. His works are 1. Sermons, 2 vols. 2. Letters on the Mosaic Religion and Philosophy. 3. Life of Prince Albert Henry of Brunswick. 4. Thoughts on Religion. 5. Character of Prince William Adolphus of Brunswick. 6. Thoughts on the Union of the Church. 7. A Letter on German Literature. Maty's Review.

JERVAS (Charles), a painter, who studied under Kneller. He was a native of Ireland, and acquired a reputation which he did not merit, through his intimacy with Pope, who flattered him egregiously. He published a translation of Don Quixote, to which Warburton contributed an Essay on the Origin of Romance and Chivalry. Jervas died about 1740.— Gen. Biog. Dict.

JESUA (Levita), a Spanish rabbi in the fifteenth century, who wrote a book, entitled "Halicoth Olam," or the ways of Eternity, as an introduction to the Talmud. It was translated into Latin, by L'Empereur, and printed at Hanover in 1714, 4to. - Moreri. JEUNE (John le), a French divine, was born in 1592, at Poligni, in Franche-Comté. He became a member of the society of the Oratory, and lost his sight at the age of thirty-five. He also was twice cut for the stone; but none of his misfortunes depressed his spirits, or relaxed his ardour as a preacher. He died in 1672. He published ten volumes of sermons, and a translation of Grotius "De Veritate."-. -Ibid.

JEWEL (John), a learned prelate, was born at Buden in the parish of Berry Narber, in Devonshire, May 24, 1522. He was educated at Barnstaple, from whence he removed to Merton-college, Oxford; but afterwards he became a scholar of Corpus Christi, where he took his degrees, and was chosen lecturer in rhetoric. In the reign of Edward VI. he made a public profession of the reformed religion, and entered into a friendship with Peter Martyr. In 1551 he took his degree of B. D., and obtained the rectory of Sunningwell, in Berkshire; but at the accession of Mary, he was obliged to secrete himself till he could get out of the kingdom. He arrived at Frankfort in

1554, and soon afterwards went to Strasburgh, where Peter Martyr had formed a kind of college, of which Jewel was chosen vice-master. After remaining four years in exile, he returned home at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, who made him bishop of Salisbury in 1559. He now distinguished himself by preaching a sermon at Paul's Cross; in which he challenged all the Roman catholics in the world to produce one clear witness, within six hundred years after Christ, who maintained the doctrines of popery. This produced a controversy; and our author's "Apology for the Church of England," which was translated into several languages, and even Greek and Welch. Bishop Jewel died at Monkton Farley, in 1571. His memory was prodigiously retentive, his learning universal, and his piety unostentatious. His works were printed in 1 vol. folio, 1609. —Life by Bohun, 8vo.

JOACHIM (George). See Rheticus.

JOAN OF ARC, called the maid of Orleans, was born of low parentage at Domremi, a village on the borders of Lorraine, in 1402 She became a servant at an inn, where she attended the horses, and thereby acquired a robust and active constitution. At this time the affairs of France were in a deplorable state, and the city of Orleans was so closely besieged by the duke of Bedford, that its fall appeared inevitable. In this exigency Joan pretended to have received a divine commission to expel the invaders. On being introduced to the king, Charles VII., she offered to raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct his majesty to Rheims to be crowned and anointed; at the same time demanding for herself a particular sword, which was in the church of St. Catharine. After a little hesitation her request was complied with; and while the French soldiers were elated by having an inspired leader, the English

were

as much dismayed. Joan entered Orleans in triumph, and the coronation at Rheims followed; after which Charles caused a medal to be struck in honour of the heroine, and ennobled her family. The town of Domremi also, where she was born, was exempted from all imposts for ever. After the coronation, Joan declared that her mission was at an end, and that she should now retire to private life; but she was overpersuaded to remain with the army, to cheer the soldiers by her presence. This was fatal advice; for being taken with the garri son of Compiegne, the English, much 10

their disgrace, caused her to be burnt as a sorceress, in the nineteenth year of her age, 1431. Some doubts, however, have been lately raised against this part of the story; and it has been even said, that so far from being put to death, she lived and was married. Moreri.

JOBERT (Louis), a Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1647, and died there in 1719. He wrote some religious treatises, and a book, entitled "La Science des Medailles," 2 vols. 12mo. Ibid.

JOCONDUS, or JUCUNDUS (John), an architect, was born at Verona in the sixteenth century. He was a Dominican, and practised as an architect at Rome and at Paris, in which last city he built two bridges over the Seine. While resident there he recovered some of the epistles of Pliny the younger; and the work of Julius Obsequens on Prodigies, which he fitted for publication, and sent to Aldus, by whom they were printed in 1508. He illustrated Cæsar's Commentaries, with notes and figures. On his return to Italy, he published an edition of Vitruvius. His last work was a bridge over the Adige at Verona. He died about 1530. Tiraboschi.

JOHNES (Thomas), an ingenious gentleman, was born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, in 1748. From Shrewsbury-school he went to Eton, and afterwards to Jesus-college, Oxford, where he took his degree of master of arts, in 1783. Previous to this he had made the tour of Europe, and was elected into parliament for the borough of Cardigan. He was also appointed auditor for the principality of Wales, and colonel of the Caermarthenshire militia. In 1795 he was returned knight of the shire for the county of Radnor. He devoted much attention to the improvement of his estates at Hafod, in Cardiganshire, where he planted an immense number of trees, and built an elegant house, which was enriched by a most valuable library; and he had also a printing press, from whence issued several elegant productions. In 1807 this mansion was destroyed by fire, while the owner was in London. In 1811 Mr. Johnes experienced a more severe loss in the death of his favourite daughter, from the effects of which shock he never recovered. He died April 24. 1816. His publications are 1. A Cardiganshire Landlord's Advice to his Tenants. 2. Palaye's Memoirs of Froissart translated from the French, 4 vols. 4to. 3. The Chronicles of Sir John Froissart, 4 vols. 4to. and 10 vols. 8vo. 4. Translation of De Joinville's Memoirs of St. Louis, 2 vols. 5. Travels of Bertrandon de la Broc

4to.

JOHNSON (Charles), a dramatic writer, was originally a member of the law, which profession he quitted for theatrical composition, in which be experienced considerable success. He also kept a coffee-house in Coventgarden, by which he gained a competency. He died in 1748. His dramatic pieces are enumerated in the Biographia Dramatica.

JOHNSON (John), a learned divine, was born at Frindsbury, in Kent, in 1662. He went from King's school, Canterbury, to Magdalen-college, Cambridge; but afterwards removed to a scholarship in Corpus-Christi college, where he took his master's degree in 1685. In 1687 he was collated to the vicarage of Boughton, in his native county, with which he held that of Hern-hill by sequestration. In 1697 he obtained the living of St. John, in the isle of Thanet, to which the town of Margate belongs, and soon afterwards was presented to that of Appledore. In 1707 he was inducted to the vicarage of Cranbrook, where he died in 1725. His works are-1. Holy David and his old English Translations cleared, in a Paraphrase on the Psalter, 8vo. 2. The Clergyman's Vade Mecum, 2 vols. 3. The Propitiatory Oblation in the Eucharist, 8vo. 4. The Unbloody Sacrifice, 2 vols. 5. A collection of Ecclesiastical Laws, 2 vols. 6. Miscellaneous discourses and sermons, 2 vols. - Life by Brett.

JOHNSON (Maurice), an able antiquary, was born at Spalding, in Lincolnshire, and bred to the law in the Inner Temple; after which he settled at his native place, where he formed, in 1717, a literary society, whose object was to cultivate the knowledge of English antiquities. He died in 1755. He collected large memoirs for a History of Carausius; and some of his communications are in the collection of the Antiquarian Society. Nichols's Bowyer.

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JOHNSON (Samuel), an English divine, was born in Warwickshire in 1649. He was educated at St. Paul's school, and next at Trinity-college, Cambridge, which he left without a degree. The only ecclesiastical preferment he ever obtained, was the small rectory of Corringham, in Essex, where he did not reside, but settled in London, as a place more suited to his disposition for politics, which brought him acquainted with lord William Russell, who made him his chaplain. In 1682 he printed a book, entitled "Julian, the Apostate;" for which he was prosecuted in the King's Bench, and fined five hundred marks. After this he went on printing tracts against popery and arbitrary power; especially in the reign of James II., for one of which, " An Address to the Army," he was degraded, condemned to the pillory, to pay a fine, and to be publicly whipped. After the Revolution, his