He died in 1562, aged 67. There was also Vitus Amerbach about the same period, who was a professor at Wittemburg for some time, but afterwards renounced Lutheranism, and became a Roman Catholic at Ingoldstadt. He died in 1557. Besides some of the orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes, he translated part of St. Chrysostom's works and Epiphanius. — Moreri.

AMERICUS, see VESPUTIUS.

AMES (Joseph), a typographical antiquary, was born at Great Yarmouth in 1689. After serving his time to a plane-maker in London, he settled as a ship-chandler and ironmonger, near the Hermitage, in Wapping, where he continued to carry on business to his death in 1759. His remains were deposited in a stone coffin, and interred in the church-yard of St. George in the east. His collection of coins and curiosities, together with his most valuable library, was sold after his death. Of six children, which he had by his wife, only one daughter survived him, who married Captain Edward Dampier, of the East India service, and a lineal descendant of the celebrated voyager. In 1749, Mr. Ames published, in one volume, 4to. "Typographical Antiquities, being an historical account of printing in England with memoirs of our ancient printers.' He was at this time a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, to the last of which he was also secretary. Besides the work just mentioned, he printed "A Catalogue of English Printers, from 1471 to 1700," 4to.

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"

"Index to Lord Pembroke's Coins;" "A Catalogue of English Heads, or an account of about 2000 prints ;" and lastly, he drew up the " Parentalia, or Memoirs of the family of Wren," 1750, 1 vol. folio. Gen. Biog. Dict.

AMES (William), an English divine, was born in Norfolk in 1576, and educated at Christ-college, Cambridge, where he became a rigid puritan, on which, to avoid expulsion, he went to Franeker, in Holland; and was chosen professor of divinity. He afterwards settled at Rotterdam, as pastor of a congregation of Brownists in that city, and died there in 1633. The principal of his works is entitled "Medulla Theologica." His son William was ejected from the living of Wrentham, in Suffolk, in 1662, and died in 1689. He published a sermon, called "The Saint's Security."-Neale's Hist. Puritans.

AMHERST (Jeffery, Lord), was descended from an ancient family at Riverhead, near Sevenoaks, in Kent, and born in 1717. He entered into the army in 1731, and about ten years afterwards became aide-de-camp to lord Ligonier, with whom he served at the battles of Rocoux, Dettingen, and Fontenoy. In 1758, being then colonel of the 15th regiment of foot, and major-general, he went to America, where he captured Louisbourg and all its dependencies in the gulf of St.

Lawrence. This was followed by the reduction of Fort du Quesne, Niagara, and Ticonderago, which paved the way for the entire conquest of Canada. For these services he received the thanks of parliament, the order of the Bath, and the governorship of Virginia. In 1771 he was appointed governor of Guernsey, and the year following lieutenant-general of the ordnance. In 1776 he was created baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 1778 he had the command of the army in England; and in 1782 received the gold stick from the king; but on the change of ministers his appointments were transferred to other hands. He was again appointed commanderin-chief in 1793, but resigned it in 1795, and was made field-marshal. Lord Amherst died at his seat of Montreal, in Kent, in 1797, and his remains were interred in Sevenoaks church. He was twice married, but leaving no issue, the title devolved to his nephew, the son of lieutenant-general William Amherst, who died in 1781. — Annual Register.

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AMHURST (Nicholas), a political writer, was born at Marden, in Kent, and educated under his grandfather, the master of Merchant-taylor's school, after which he obtained a scholarship in St. John's college, Oxford, from whence he was expelled for libertine conduct. In consequence of this disgrace he wrote several satires against the university, under the title of Terræ Filius. settling in London, he became a writer by profession; and his most celebrated undertaking was "The Craftsman," which was carried on for many years with great success. In this paper he was assisted by lord Bolingbroke and Mr. Pulteney, who neglected him when they got into place. 1742. Biog. Brit.

Amhurst died in

AMICO (Antonio), a Sicilian priest, and canon of the cathedral of Palermo, who distinguished himself by some considerable works in history and antiquities, for which Philip IV. of Spain conferred on him the title of historiographer royal. His works are—1. Trium orientalium Latinorum ordinum, post captam a duce Gothofredo Hierusalem; fol. 2. Dissertatio historica et chronologica de antiquo urbis Syracusarum archiepiscopatu, 4to. 3. Series ammiratorum insula Sicilia, 4to. 4. De Messanensis prioratus sacræ hospilitatis domus militum sancti Joan. Hierosolym.; 4to. 5. Chronologia de los Virreyes de Sicilia, 4to. He died in 1641. —Moreri.

AMICO (Bartholomew), a learned Jesuit, was born at Anzo, in Lucania, in 1562, and died in 1649, at Naples, where he was professor of theology, and president of the college. He wrote a commentary on Aristotle and his followers, in 7 vols. folio. — Biog Universelle.

AMICO (Bernardine), a Franciscan monk of Gallipoli, in the kingdom of Naples. During a residence of five years at Jerusa

len, where he was prior of his order, he made dings and wrote descriptions of that city and the neighbourhood, which he published en his return to Italy, in a splendid folio volume, printed at Rome in 1620. - Ibid. AMICO (Vito-Maria), a nobleman and ecdesiastic of Sicily, was born at Catania in 1693, and died about the year 1770. He pubished-1. Sicilia Sacra disquisitionibus et zotitiis illustrata, 2 vols. fol. 2. Catana Llustrata, 4 vols. folio. — Ibid.

AMICONI (Giacomo), an historical and portrait painter of Venice, who came to England in 1729, and painted many fine pieces for the principal nobility. He afterwards went to Spain, was appointed portrait panter to the king, and died there in 1752. - Pilkington.

AMIOT, (Father), a French Jesuit, and missionary in China, was born at Toulon in 1718. He arrived at Macao in 1750, and from thence proceeded to Pekin, where he remained 43 years; during which he became a complete master of the Chinese and Tartar languages; and the result of his labours being transmitted to France, appeared in several publications; the chief of these are1. A Chinese poem in praise of the city of Makden, by the emperor Kien Long, translated into French, with notes, and printed at Paris in 1770, 8vo. 2. The Chinese Military Art, 1772, 4to. 3. Letters on the Chiese Characters, addressed to the Royal SoCity of London, and printed in their Trans4. On the Music of the Chinese, "Memoires sur les Chinois;" VI. 5. The Life of Confucius; in tx same collection. 6. Dictionnaire Tatarmatcheon, Français, 3 vols. 4to.; Paris 1789. He died at Pekin in 1794. - Biog. Univ. AXMAN (John Conrad), a Swiss physidan, was born at Schaffhausen, in 1669. He devoted himself to the art of teaching those who were born deaf to speak, in which profession he acquired a great and deserved reputation both in France and Holland. Upon this subject he published two tracts, which are now scarce; one entitled "Surdus loquens," printed at Haerlem, in 1692, *vo., and the other "De Loquela," printed Amsterdam, in 1700, 12mo. He was also the editor of Cœlius Aurelianus, 4to. 1729. He died at Marmund, in Holland, in 1724. His son John Amman, was also physician, but excelled chiefly in botany, of which he lectured at Petersburgh, where he was a member of the Academy of Sciences. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London; and published "Stirpium rariorum in imperio Rutheno sponte provenientum icones et descriptiones," 4to. He died in 1740.- Ibid.

AMMAN (Justus), a painter and engraver, was born at Zurich, in 1539, and died at Nuremberg in 1591. He painted with great brancy on glass, but excelled chiefly in engraving both on wood and copper. His

designs were numerous, and in one of his prints he has engraved his own portrait. Strutt's Dict. of Engraving.

AMMAN (Paul), a German physician and botanist, was born at Breslaw, in 1634. After studying at various universities, he travelled to Holland and England. In 1674 he settled at Leipsic, as a professor of natural history, botany, and physiology. He died in 1691. His works are- 1. Parænesis ad docentes occupata circa institutionum medicarum emendationem, 12mo. 2. Archeas Syncopticus, Eccardi Leichneri, &c. 12mo. 3. Irenicum Numa Pompilii cum Hippocrate, &c. 8vo. 4. Character naturalis Piantarum, 1676. · Haller. Bibl. Med. AMMANATI (Bartholomew), a Florentine sculptor and architect, was born in 1511, and died in 1592. His works are chiefly at Venice, Pisa, Florence, and Rome. also published a book on architecture, entitled "La Cita." His wife, Laura Battiferri, was esteemed one of the best Italian poets of her time. She was the daughter of John Antonio Battiferri, and born at Urbino in 1513. Her poems were published at Florence in 1560, and at Naples in 1594. She was elected a member of the academy of Intronati at Sienna, and died at Florence in 1589. Dict. Hist.

He

AMMIANUS (Marcellinus), a Latin historian, was born at Antioch, and in his youth served in the army. He wrote the Roman history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant. The best edition is that of Gronovius in 1693. He is supposed by some to have been a christian, merely because he wrote with candour respecting that religion. He died about 390. Vossius de Hist. Lat.

Bayle.

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AMMIRATO OF AMMIRATI (Scipio), an Ita lian historian, was born at Lucca, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1531. He studied civil law, which he quitted for the church. then returned to his former profession, but left it again in disgust, and became successively secretary to several noblemen. his return to Lucca, the senate appointed him the bearer of a petition to the Pope, which office he discharged so well, as to be nominated to write the history of the city of Naples. This, however, he did not execute, owing to some dissatisfaction which he had conceived against his employers. He then travelled over Italy, and being well entertained at Florence, was induced to settle there by the grand duke, who encouraged him to write the history of that state. work he executed, and was rewarded with a canonry in the cathedral. He died at Florence in 1601. His other works are1. Arguments in Italian verse of the cantos of Ariosto's Orlando, 4to. 2. Il Decalione dialogo del Poeta, 8vo. 3. Discorsi sopra Cornelio Tacito, 4to. 4. Delle Famiglie no bili Napolitane, 2 parts, fol. 5. Discorsi

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AMMONIUS, another philosopher of the same sect who in the 6th century, taught at Alexandria. He was the disciple of Proclus, and obtained great reputation as a preceptor. His commentaries on Aristotle and Porphyry are still extant. - Bayle.

AMMONIUS SACCAs, a philosopher of the third century, and the founder of the eclectic sect, was born of Christian parents, at Alexandria, where he studied under Athenagoras, Pantænus, and Clemens Alexandrinus. Porphyry says that he renounced the Christian religion, and embraced Paganism; but this is denied by Eusebius and others. He instituted an academy at Alexandria to reconcile the principles of Plato and Aristotle, and among his other eminent disciples was the celebrated Longinus. He died about the year 243. Fabricius. Bayle.

AMMONIUS the grammarian, flourished at Alexandria at the end of the fourth century. His Lexicon of Greek synonymes, was printed at Venice in 1497. It is also in Stephens's Thesaurus and Scapula's lexicon. --Fabricius.

AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria, who invented a method of extracting the stone from the bladder, which procured him the surname of the lithotomist. - Le Clerc's Hist. of Physic. AMMONIUS (Andrew), a learned Italian, who came to England at the beginning of the 15th century, and became secretary to Henry VIII., who gave him some ecclesiastical preferments at Wilts and Salisbury. He died in 1517. He wrote some poetical pieces and letters in Latin. - Gen. Dict.

AMNER (Richard), a dissenting minister, was born at Hinckley, in Leicestershire, in 1736. He was for many years pastor to a congregation at Hampstead, afterwards at Cosely, in Staffordshire, and lastly at his native town, where he died in 1803. He wrote-1. An Account of the positive Institutions of Christianity, 8vo. 2. An Essay towards an Interpretation of the Prophecies of Daniel, 8vo. 3. Considerations on the Doctrine of a Future State, and the Resurrection, 8vo. While at Hampstead he incurred the displeasure of George Stevens, who placed his name against some of the most indecent notes in his commentary upon Shakspeare - Gen. Biog. Dict.

AMONTONS (William), a French mathematician, was born in Normandy in 1663. Vecoming deaf he applied himself to the

study of mechanics, and in 1687 presented a new hygroscope to the Academy of Sciences, which was approved. He also discovered the method of conveying information, now known by the name of the telegraph. In 1695 he published a book on the construction of barometers, thermometers, &c. which is the only printed piece of his, except some papers in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, of which he was a member. He died in 1705. - Dict. Hist.

AMORT (Eusebius), a canon regular of the order of St. Augustine, in Bavaria, who published-1. Philosophia Pollingana, fol. 1736. In this work he asserts the immobi lity of the earth. 2. A History of Indulgences, folio. 3. A Dictionary of Cases of Conscience. 4. Rules respecting Revelations, Apparitions, and Visions, 2 vols. 4to. A Dissertation on the author of the Imitation of Jesus Christ. He died in 1775, aged

82. Dict. Hist.

AMORY (Thomas), a dissenting divine, was born at Taunton, in Somersetshire, in 1700. He was educated under his uncle Mr. Grove, whom he succeeded as tutor in the academy, and minister to the congregation till 1759, when he removed to London, and became afternoon preacher at the meeting in the Old Jewry, of which society, on the death of Dr. Chandler, he was appointed sole pastor. In 1768 the university of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of D.D. At this time he became one of the lecturers at Salters'-hall, and in 1770 was chosen morning preacher at Newington-green. He was one of the committee appointed by the dissenters, in 1772, to procure an extension of the act of toleration. He died in 1774, and was interred in Bunhill-fields burying ground. Dr. Amory published two lumes of sermons, "The Life of Mr. Henry Grove," "Memoirs of Dr. Benson," and of "Dr. Samuel Chandler.” — Biog. Brit.

Vo

AMORY (Thomas), an extraordinary character, was the son of Counsellor Amory, appointed by king William secretary for the forfeited estates in Ireland. He appears to have been bred to physic, but never practised that or any other profession. He led a very recluse life in his house in Westminster, carefully shunning company, and never stirring out till the evening. He died there at the age of 97, in 1789. Our author wrote 1. Memoirs containing the Lives of several Ladies of Great Britain, 8vo. 1755. In this extravagant book he endeavoured to recommend Arianism, as he also did in another publication, entitled, "The Life of John Buncle, Esq." in 4 vols. 12mo. He wrote likewise two letters in the Theological Repository, on the natural proofs of a future state. - European Mag.

AMPHIBALUS, an English martyr, of whom there are hardly any accounts that can be relied upon. Some make him a native of

Exeter, and others say that he was a Welshman. There are different stories also about his death, for one historian makes him bishop of Anglesea, and places his martyrdom at Hereford; while Bede calls him a presbyter only. It seems, however, generally agreed, that be converted St. Alban, and the most credible statement is, that he suffered at or about the same time with him in the persecation of Dioclesian, A.D. 291. Gen. B. Dict.

AMPHILOCHIUS, bishop of Iconium in the 4th century, was at the council of Constanthople in 381, and president of that of Sida ia 385. He recovered Theodosius from the Arians, and died about 394. —. -Dupin. AMPSINGIUS, OF AMPSING (John Assuerus), Dutch physician, was born at Overyssel, and became a clergyman at Haerlem, but quitted that profession for the study and practice of medicine, in which he attained great reputation. He was appointed physician to the duke of Mecklenburg, and professor of medicine at Rostock, where he died in 1542, aged 83. He wrote-1. Dissertatio iatromathematica, 4to. 2. De The raca, 4to. 3. De Morborum Differentiis, -Haller. Bibl. Med.

AMSDORF (Nicholas), a protestant divine, was born at Wurtzen, in Misnia, of a noble family, in 1483. After studying theology at Wittemberg, he obtained church preferment, but at the commencement of the Reformation tached himself to Luther, whom he accom. d to the diet of Worms, and was with turmer when he was seized by order of the dector of Saxony, and conducted to urg. He concurred in the articles of Smalcald, and in 1542 was appointed by the elector John Frederic, bishop of Naumburgh, but was deprived of that see afterwards by Charles V., and obliged to retire to Magdeburg. He afterwards assisted in founding the university of Jena, and died at Eisenach in 1565. He wrote on several theological bjects, but some have injuriously represented him as an Antinomian, merely beCause he zealously contended for the doctrine of justification by faith alone. Melchior

Adam.

AMTHOR (Christopher Henry), a Danish pitical writer, was born at Stolberg in 1678, and educated at Itundsburgh. In 1704 he was appointed professor of law and political economy at Kiel, where he obtained great reputation. Some poems of his, however, Laving given offence to the court of Holgein Gottorp, he entered into the service of Denmark, and was appointed historiographer royal, and counsellor to the chancery of the duchy of Holstein Schleswic. He afterwards settled at Copenhagen, as counsellor of justice, and died there in 1721. He wrote several tracts on political subjects, and also "Meditationes Philosophicæ de Justicia divina et materiis cum ea connexis;"

AMY (N.), an advocate in the parliament of Aix, who died in 1760. He wrote 1. Observations on the Waters of the Seine, &c. 12mo. 2. New Filtrating Fountains, 12mo. 3. Reflections on Copper, Lead, and Tin Vessels, 12mo. — Dict. Hist.

AMYN-AHMED, a learned Persian of the 17th century, who wrote an elaborate work, entitled "The Seven Climates, or a Geographical Description of the East." It is still in MS.-Biog. Univ.

AMYOT (James), bishop of Auxerre, and grand almoner of France, was born of low parents at Melun, in 1514, and educated at Paris on charity. He left the university at the age of twenty-three, and became tutor to the children of a secretary of state, who recommended him to the duchess of Berry, by whose means he became professor of Greek and Latin at Bourges. Here he translated into French the Memoirs of Theagenes and Chariclea, which procured him an abbey from Francis I. By the recommendation of cardinal de Tournon he was appointed preceptor to the two youngest sons of Henry II. and while engaged in this employment he translated the Lives of Plutarch. Charles IX. gave him the abbey of Cornelius de Compeigne, and made him grand almoner of France, and bishop of Auxerre. He was also appointed curator of the university of Paris; and Henry III. made him commander of the order of the Holy Ghost. He died in 1593. His works are -1. A Translation of Heliodorus, folio. 2. Diodorus Siculus, fol. 3. Daphnis and Chloe, from Longus, 4to. 4. Plu.. tarch's Lives and Morals, 2 vols. folio. 5. Lettre A. M. de Morvillie, containing an account of the author's journey to Trent. 7. (Euvres Melées, 8vo. 8. Projet de l'Eloquence Royale, 8vo. Some time before his death he was asked to compile a History of France, to which he replied, "I love my sovereigns too well to write their lives." Moreri.

AMYRAUT (Moses), a French divine, was born in 1596, at Bourgueil, in Tourain. He studied theology at Saumur, where he was chosen professor of divinity. The council of Charenton having deputed him to make a remonstrance to the king; his conduct on that occasion brought him acquainted with cardinal Richelieu, who held him in great esteem. For departing from the calvinistic notions of election and reprobation, he incurred the charge of heresy from Peter du Moulin; which dispute occasioned consi

derable disturbance among the French protestants; but Amyraut by his moderation, came off with great honour, and was respected by good men of both religions. He also gained much credit by writing against the notion, that subjects have a right to take up arms against their sovereign. He was a man of universal charity, and distributed his salary to the poor, without any regard to their religious sentiments. He died in 1664. Bayle.

AMYRUTZES, a peripatetic philosopher, and native of Trebizond, who flourished in the 15th century. Having abjured the christian religion, the sultan Mahomet II. gave him several preferments, and employed him in translating some books of the christians into Arabic. — Bayle.

ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, who travelled to Athens in the time of Solon, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was the only stranger the Athenians ever admitted to the honour of citizenship, and Croesus invited him to Sardis, with the offer of great riches, but he replied, "that he came to Greece for improvement and not for money." On his return to Scythia, he attempted to introduce the customs and institutions of Greece, which brought upon him the enmity of his countrymen. Going one day into a wood, to perform a sacred rite to the goddess Cybele, he was shot by the king. Many of his apophthegms are preserved by Lælius, Plutarch and others. An Athenian once reproaching him with being a Scythian: "True," says Anacharsis, "my country is a disgrace to me, but you are a disgrace to your country." Some spurious letters were published under his name at Paris, in 1552. - Diogenes Laertius. Fenelon's Lives of the Philosophers.

ANACREON, a Greek lyric poet, was born at Teos, in Ionia, about the 6th century B. C. He was entertained by Polycrates at Samos, and afterwards lived with Hipparchus, the son of Pisistratus, on whose death he returned to Teos, and remained there till the revolt of Histæus, when he removed to Abdera, where he was choked in the act of drinking, by a grape-stone. From the few particulars that can be gathered of his life, it is evident that Anacreon was a man of vicious principles and debauched manners. His amatory and bacchanalian poems, however, are exquisitely beautiful, lively, and natural. The best editions of Anacreon are those of Barnes, Maittaire, and Baxter; but the most splendid is that of Spaletti, printed at Rome in 4to. 1781. Bodoni also published in 1784, a superb edition on vellum, at Parma. There have been two good translations of Anacreon in our language, one by Fawkes, and the other by Moore. Gen. Biog. Dict. ANAGNOSTA (John), a Byzantine historian, in the year 1433. He wrote De Re

ANANIA (John Lorenzo de), a native of Taverna in Calabria, in the 16th century. He wrote a work entitled "Cosmographia,' printed at Venice in 1576, 4to. Gen. Dict.

ANASTASIUS the Sinaite, so called from being a recluse of Mount Sinai, where he lived in the 7th century. He wrote some pieces on practical divinity, published at Ingoldstadt, 1606, 4to. - Cave's Hist. Lit.

ANASTASIUS (Theopolitanus), bishop of Antioch in the 6th century, was banished in 570 for holding the opinion, that the body of Christ was incapable of suffering even before the resurrection. Afterwards he was restored to his see, and died in 599. — Fabric. Bibl. Græc.

ANASTASIUS BIBLIOTHECARIUS, a Greek, who was librarian of the Vatican, in the 9th century. His chief work is the Liber Pontificalis; the best edition of which is that of 1718, 4 vols. folio. He is said to have assisted at the council of Constantinople in 865, and to have translated its canons into Latin. - Dupin.

ANATOLIUS (St.), a native of Alexandria, was bishop of Laodicea, in Syria, in 269. He wrote a tract on the time of celebrating Easter, printed in the "Doctrina Temporum,” 1634. — Dupin.

ANATOLIUS patriarch of Constantinople in the 5th century. He contended with Pope Leo for the equality of the two churches, but afterwards yielded with more submission to the pontiff than became his station. He died in 458. — Moreri.

ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomene, a celebrated philosopher, was born B. C. 500. He inherited a considerable estate in his own country, which he relinquished to indulge his thirst for knowledge at Athens, where he applied to the study of poetry and eloquence. Afterwards he left Athens to attend the les sons of Anaximenes, at Miletus, under whoin he made a great progress; but on returning to his own country, he found that his estate was gone to ruin, which he affected to consider a fortunate circumstance, as leaving him free to pursue his studies. He then removed to Athens, where he taught philoso phy, and had, among numerous pupils, Euripides, the tragedian, and Pericles, the ora tor; if not also Socrates and Themistocles His reputation, however, created him enos