who died in 1201. He was the author of the Life and Banishment of Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. Biog. Brit. ALAND (Sir John Fortescue), lord Fortescue of the kingdom of Ireland, and an eminent judge, was the son of Edmund Fortescue, esquire, of London, by Sarah, daughter of Henry Aland, esquire, of Waterford, in honour of whom he took his name. He was born in 1670, and received his education at Oxford, from whence he removed to the Inner Temple, where he was chosen reader, and called to the bar. In 1714, he was appointed solicitor-general to the prince of Wales, and next year to the king. In 1717, he was made one of the barons of the exchequer; in 1718 removed to the court of king's bench, and in 1728, to the common pleas, which situation he resigned in 1746, and was created a peer of Ireland, by the title of baron Fortescue of Credan, and died soon after. He was an able lawyer, an impartial judge, and well versed in the Saxon literature. He published, in 1714, 8vo., Sir John Fortescue's treatise on "absolute and limited Monarchy." After his death, his Reports were printed in folio. This judge was remarkable for a flat nosc; and a serjeant who had lost an arm, one day arguing a case in an awkward manner, the judge told him, that "he appeared to handle the matter rather lamely;" to which the other replied, "with submission, I trust to be able to make the case as plain as the nose in your lordship's face." He was very intimate with Pope, and furnished him with the burlesque of Stradling versus Styles. Gen. B. D.

The

ALARD (Francis), a native of Brussels in the sixteenth century. He was bred in the Romish faith, and obliged oy his father to enter into the Dominican order; but meeting with the works of Luther, he turned Protestant, and escaped to Wittemberg. After some time he ventured to return to Brussels, in the hope of being reconciled to his father; but meeting his mother in the street, she, who was a bigoted papist, denounced him to the Inquisition, and he was sentenced to be burnt. night previous to his intended execution, he made his escape, and fled to Antwerp, whither he was followed by his father who was converted by his arguments. After this, he found an asylum and a living in Denmark, where he died in 1578. His son William became rector of the college of Krempen, and died there in 1644. Lambert Alard, son of the last-mentioned, was born at Krempen in 1600. He became dean of the college at his native place, and was appointed inspector of the public schools at Brunswick. He died in 1672. He wrote a Greek lexicon, some theological works, and Latin poems. Ibid.

ALARIC, a celebrated king of the Visiroths, was descended from a noble family,

and for some years served in the Roman armies; but being refused preferment, he revolted, and committed great ravages in the Grecian provinces. About the year 400, being then the acknowledged sovereign of the Goths, he invaded Italy, and carried off immense plunder with many captives. Two years afterwards, he made a second irruption, but with less success, being defeated by Stilicho, and compelled to sue for peace.

After this, he was employed in

the service of the emperor Honorius, but soon violated his engagements, and again entered the Roman territory; and under the pretext of claiming arrears that were due to him, laid siege to the capital. Such was the state of the empire, that his terms were complied with, and he retired into Tuscany; but being joined by his brother Ataulphus, he returned again to Rome, which he sacked in 410. After this, he sailed for Sicily, and having taken the city of Cosenza, died there of a fever. Univ. Hist.

ALASCO (John), the reformer of Poland, was uncle to Sigismund, king of that country. He was born in 1499, and having received an education suited to his birth, he travelled into foreign countries, and being at Basil in 1525, contracted a friendship with Erasmus, which lasted to the death of that great man. In Switzerland he also formed an acquaintance with Zuinglius, which occasioned his conversion to the protestant faith. In 1526, he returned to Poland, and was nominated to the bishopric of Vesprim in Hungary, but his new principles obliged him to decline that station. In 1540, he quitted that country, and two years afterwards undertook the pastoral office at Embden, after which he came to England, and was well received by archbishop Cranmer, who procured him the royal permission to settle here with a congregation of foreign protestants, in the priory of St. Austin, London. At the accession of Mary, he and his flock were obliged to return to Embden; and in 1555 Alasco founded a church at Frankfort on the Maine. After an absence of twenty years, he returned to his native country, where he was protected by the king, who employed him in state affairs; but to avoid the machinations of his enemies, he retired to Frankfort, where he died in 1560. He wrote some controversial treatises, particularly on the Zuinglian doctrine of the Sacrament. Gen. Biog. Dict.

ALAVA (Diego Esquivel), bishop of Cordova, in Spain, in the sixteenth century. He was at the council of Trent, wrote a book on "General Councils," and died in 1562. — - Moreri.

ALAYMO (Mark Anthony), a physician of Sicily, was born in 1590, and took his doctor's degree at Messina in 1610. He settled at Palermo, where his reputation was so high, that patients came from all

parts for his advice. He founded in that cry a medical academy, and also some charitable institutions. He died in 1662. His works, which are in Latin and Italian, are chiefly upon the practice of medicine. The most valuable is an Italian discourse on contagious diseases. Manget. Bibl. Scrip. Med.

ALBAN (St.), the proto-martyr of Britain, was born at Verulam, now St. Albans, in the third century. He served in the Roman army, and on his return to Verulam, became a convert to Christianity, for which he suffered death A. D. 303. — Biog. Brit. ALBANI (Alexander), a Roman cardinal, was born at Urbino in 1692. He was appointed librarian to the Vatican, and his bouse, called Villa Albani, was the resort of learned men, to whom the cardinal behaved with great munificence. He died in 1779. In 1762, his collection of drawings and engravings, consisting of three hundred volumes, was purchased by his present majesty for fourteen thousand crowns. — Ann. Register, 1762. Hist. Dict.

ALBANI (John Francis), nephew of the above, was born at Rome in 1720, and in 1747, obtained the rank of cardinal, which was followed by numerous preferments. He opposed the suppression of the Jesuits, as a measure fraught with danger to the church; but in all other respects he was a most enlightened prelate. He succeeded his uncle in almost all his places, and imitated him in his encouragement of letters and learned men. But his liberality could not save him from republican rigour when the French entered Rome, where they plundered his palace, confiscated his estates, and reduced the cardinal, then in his seventy-seventh year, to poverty. All his valuable collection was packed up and sent off to Paris, and even the plants of his garden were rooted up and sold. Amidst this devastation, the cardinal took refuge in a convent, from whence he removed to Naples, on the approach of the French to Messina. In 1800 he was at Venice, when the present pope was chosen, and afterwards returned to Rome, where he lived in private lodgings, not having strength of mind enough to enter his desolated palace. He died in 1803. — Gen. Biog. Dict. ALBANI (John Jerome), a learned writer, was born at Bergamo in 1504. He was for some time in the army, but afterwards entered into orders, and became a cardinal m 1570. He died in 1591. His principal works are — 1. De Immunitate Ecclearum, 1553. 2. De potestate Papæ et Concilii, 1558. 3. De Cardinalibus, et de donatione Constantini, fol. -Moreri.

ALBANO (Francis), a celebrated painter, was born at Bologna in 1578. His first master was Denys Calvart, who left him chiefly to the instruction of his other pupil, Guido, with whom he removed to the

school of the Caraccis. Albano delighted in amorous subjects, for which his second wife and children served him as models. His pictures are exceedingly fine and valuable. He died in 1660. His brother, John Baptist Albano, painted much in the same style, but chiefly excelled in landscape. Pilkington.

ALBATEGNI, an Arabian chief, or prince of Batan in Mesopotamia, who became celebrated by his skill in astronomy, about the year 880. He resided at Antioch, and had an observatory also at Aracta in Chaldea. His work entitled "The Science of the Stars," has been translated into Latin, and was published at Nuremberg in 1537. It was reprinted with notes at Bologna in 1645; but Halley has detected many errors in both editions. - Hutton's Math. Dict.

ALBENAS (John Poldo de), was born at Nismes, of a noble family. He studied the law, and became counsellor at his native city in 1552, where he died in 1563. He promoted the reformed religion with great zeal and success at Nismes, of which city he wrote the history, printed in folio, 1557. — Moreri.

ALBERGATI (Fabio), a native of Bologna in the 16th century, was the author of a book entitled "El Cardinale," 1599, 4to.; and another, "Trattato del modi di ridurre a pace l'inimicitia privata," 8vo. 1614. Six volumes of his works were printed at Rouen in 1573. — Dict. Hist.

ALBERGATI CAPACELLI (the Marquis Francis), senator of Bologna, and a comic writer, was born about 1730: he spent his early youth in dissipation, and did not apply to his studies before he had attained his 34th year. A complete edition of his plays was published at Venice in 1783, in 12 vols. 8vo. He died in 1802.

ALBERGOTTI (Francis), an Italian civilian in the 14th century. He was the disciple of Baldi, and after exercising his profession as an advocate at Arezzo, removed to Florence, where he received the honour of nobility. His character was so great, that he had the title of teacher of solid truth. He wrote commentaries on the Digest, and other works. He died in 1376.- Moreri.

ALBERIC, a monkish historian of the Cistercian order in the 13th century, was a native of Chalons-sur-Marne. He compiled a Chronicle of Universal History to 1241; which has been printed by Leibnitz and Menckenius, 4to. 1688. —Moreri.

ALBERONI (Julius), a cardinal and statesman, was the son of a poor gardener near Parma, and born in 1664. The rector of his native village observing his genius, taught him Latin, after which he procured ordination and a small living. While in that situation he rendered some essential service to the secretary of the duke de Vendome, which brought him acquainted with that general, who was indebted to him in a time of exi

gency for the discovery of the corn which the country people had concealed. After this Alberoni followed the duke to Spain, where, by his address, he brought about a marriage between the princess of Parma and Philip V. This stroke of fortune raised him to the post of prime minister of Spain, the dignity of a cardinal, and archbishop of Valencia. His conduct was extremely arbitrary, and his political intrigues at length brought him into disgrace, so that in 1720 he was obliged to retire to Parma, and from thence to Rome, where he was confined twelve months in the Jesuits' college. On regaining his liberty he visited his native place, where he founded a seminary for young men designed for orders. He died at Rome in 1752. The Testament Politique, which bears his name, is fictitious. -Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ALBERT (Jane d'), daughter of Margaret queen of Navarre, was betrothed at the age of eleven to the duke of Cleves, which marriage was annulled by the pope. In 1548, she espoused Antony de Bourbon, duke of Vendome; and in 1553 was delivered of a son, afterwards Henry IV. of France. A curious incident occurred on this occasion. The king, her father, promised to put into her hands his will, on condition that during child-birth she should sing a Bearnoise song. To this she acceded, and when her father entered the chamber, she sang a popular song in the language of her native country. The king, on her delivery, gave her a gold box containing his will, and at the same time threw round her neck a chain of gold, saying "These are for you, but this is mine!" taking the infant in his arms, which he carried to his chamber. On the death of her father, in 1555, she became queen of Navarre, in which kingdom she established the protestant religion. Being invited to the French court to assist at the nuptials of her son with Margaret of Valois, she expired suddenly, not without suspicion of poison, in 1572, in the 44th year of her age. She left several compositions in prose and verse. — Bayle.

ALBERT (Erasmus), a German divine, educated under Luther, is known as the author of a book entitled the Koran of the Cordeliers, ridiculing the Franciscans, who compared the actions of St. Francis with Jesus Christ. This was printed in German, with a preface by Luther, in 1531, and in Latin, in 1542. The last edition is that of Amsterdam, in 2 vols. 12mo. 1734. The author died in 1553. - Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ALBERT (Louis Joseph d'), grandson of the constable de Luynes, and son of the duke of that name, was born in 1672, and died in 1758.

He distinguished himself in several battles, for which he was appointed field. marshal by the emperor Charles VII. who sent him ambassador to France, and created him prince of Grimberghen. He wrote 1. Le Songe d'Alcibiade, 12mo. 1735: 2. Timandre instruit par son Genie, 1759

12mo. This last is contained in a small collection of miscellaneous pieces. —Dict. Hist.

ALBERT, of Stade, a monk, who wrote a Chronicle from the creation to 1256. He lived in the 13th century. — Moreri.

ALBERT, of Strasburg, who compiled "A Chronicle from 1270 to 1378." He lived in the 14th century. - -Moreri.

ALBERTANO, of Brescia, a writer of the 13th century. Being appointed governor of Gavardo by the emperor, the place fell into the hands of the enemy, and he was thrown into prison, where he wrote a book "De Dilectione Dei et Proximi." He was also the author of some other works, particularly one on the duty of speaking and keeping silence. His tracts were printed at Mantua in 1732, 4to. - Gen. Dict. Hist.

ALBERTET, a mathematician and poet of the 13th century, was a native of Provence, and died at Sisteron of grief, as it is said, on the loss of his poems, which he intrusted to a friend, who sold them to Faber de Uzes, by whom they were published as his own; for which he justly underwent the punishment of flagellation. Gen. Dict.

ALBERTI (Cherubino), commonly called Borghegiano, was born in 1552, at Borgo St. Sepulchro, in Italy. His father, Michael Alberti, was a painter, and taught him the principles of his art, in which he made good progress, and his works, both in fresco and oil, are much esteemed. But he excelled chiefly as an engraver, and his prints are still in request. He died in 1615. His brother, Giovanni Alberti, became an eminent painter at Rome, where he was employed by the pope, and most of the nobility. —Pilkington.

ALBERTI (George William), a German divine, was born in Hanover, in 1725. He lived many years in England, and published here Thoughts on Hume's Essays on Natural Religion;" under the name of Alethophilus Gottingensis. On his return to Germany, he published Letters on the State of Religion and the Sciences in Great Britain; and an Essay on the Quakers. died in 1758. — Biog. Universelle.

He

ALBERTI (John), a German lawyer, who abridged the Koran, with notes. He also published in 1556 the New Testament in Syriac, of which most of the copies were sent to the East: he is the author, besides, of a Syriac grammar. He died in 1559.

Moreri.

ALBERTI (John), professor of divinity at

Leyden, was born in 1698, at Asse, in Holland, and educated at Franeker, under Eisner, Raphelius, and Lambert Bos. In 1725, he published "Observationes Philolegica in sacros Novi Fœderis libros ;" 8vo. which work was followed by another, entited Periculum Criticum in quo loca quadam cum V. ac N. T. tum Hesychii et aliorum," &c. 8vo. While engaged on this work, Fabricius sent him a manuscript glossary of the words of the New Testament, which he printed in 1735. In 1746, appeared the first volume of his edition of Hewchius; but the work was left incomplete at his death in 1762. The edition was perfected by Rhunkenius, at Leyden, in 1766. -Gen. Biog. Dict.

ALBERTI (Leander), a native of Bologna, and provincial of the Dominicans, who died in 1552, aged 73. He wrote a History of Ilustrious Dominicans, folio.; a Description of Italy, 4to; Biographical Memoirs; and the History of Bologna. -Moreri.

ALBERTI (Leon Baptista), an architect, was born at Venice, at the beginning of the 15th century. At the age of 20, he produced a Latin comedy, entitled Philodoxius, which any learned men believed at first was the work of an ancient poet named Lepidus; and as such it was printed by the younger Aidas Alberti took orders, and became canon of the great church of Florence, and abtate of St. Ermete, of Pisa. He was also & good painter and sculptor as well as ardate, though he applied chiefly to the latter pression, which he studied carefully at Re, where he constructed several works; but his principal buildings are at Florence, Mantua, and Rimini. He became a great favourite with Lorenzo de Medici, and was te of the society of learned men who held their meetings in the palace of that great patron of letters. The year when Alberti died is not certain; but the most probable account is, that it was in 1485. His works are― 1. Momus, de Principe; printed at Rome in 1520. 2. Trivia sive de Causis Senatori, 1538, 4to. 3. Fables or Apologues. 4 A Treatise on Scripture. 5. Another on painting, entitled de Pictura; printed at Basil, in 4to, 1540, and at Leyden, by the Elzevirs, in 1649. 6. De Re Ædificatoria; Published in 1485. This was translated into Italian by Lauro, and printed in 1549. A beautiful edition was published at London in Italian and English, 3 vols. fol. 1726. Vasari ascribes to him the invention of the camera obscura. - Gen. Biog. Dict. ALBERTI (Michael), a German physician, was born at Nuremberg in 1682. He became professor of medicine at Halle, where be acquired a great reputation, and died in 1757. His works are-1. Introductio in universam Medicinam, 3 vols. 4to. 2. Systema Jurisprudentiæ Medica, 6 vols. 4to. 3 Specimen Medicæ Theologica, 8vo. 4. Tentamen Lexici Medici realis, 2 vois.

4to. 5. De Sectarum in Medicina noxia instauratione, 4to. 6. Commentatio ad constitutionem criminalem Caroli V. 4to. — Ib.

ALBERTI (Solomon), professor of medicine at Wittemberg, was born in 1540 at Nuremberg. He became the pupil of Fabricius, and acquired celebrity by his anatomical discoveries. He published-1. Historia pleramque Humani Corporis partium Membratim scripta ; 8vo. 2. Tres Orationes, 8vo. He died in 1600. Haller, Bibl. Med. Prac.

ALBERTI (Valentine), professor of divinity at Leipsic, was born in 1635, at Lehna, in Silesia, and died at Leipsic in 1697. He wrote various controversial treatises, the principal of which are-" Compendium Juris Naturæ;" "Interesse præcipuarum religionum Christianum ;" and two dissertations, "De fide hæreticis servanda." 4to. - Gen. Biog. Dict.

ALBERTI DI VILLANOVA (Francis d'), an able lexicographer, was born at Nice, in 1737, and died at Lucca in 1803. He published a dictionary, French and Italian, the best edition of which is that of Marseilles, 1796, 2 vols. 4to. The year following appeared his "Dizionario Universale Critico Enciclopedico della lingua Italiana." Alberti was employed on a new edition of this last great work when he died; but it was carefully published the same year, in 6 vols. 4to.

- Ibid.

ALBERTINI (Francis), an ecclesiastic of Florence, in the 16th century, who published -1. De Mirabilibus novæ et veteris urbis Romæ, lib. iii. 4to. 1505. 2. Tractatus brevis de laudibus Florentiæ et Saonæ, 1509. 3. Memoriale di molta Statue e Pictore sono mell' inclita cipta di Florentiæ, &c. 1510. A Jesuit of both the same names, who died in 1619, published a system of theology, in 2 vols. folio, and a curious treatise, in which he endeavoured to prove that all animals have their guardian angels. — Moreri.

ALBERTINI (Paul), a celebrated writer of Venice, was born in 1430, and at the age of ten, entered into the order of Servites. On taking orders he became a famous preacher, and his skill in politics was such that the senate employed him as ambassador to Turkey. He died in 1475, and the republic honoured his memory by causing a medal to be struck in honour of him. He left some theological works in Latin.

Dict. Hist. ALBERTUS MAGNUS, a celebrated schoolman, was born of a noble family at Lavingen, in Suabia, in 1205. He received his education at Pavia, and in 1221 entered into the Dominican order. After exercising the office of private teacher in a monastery, he became lecturer in philosophy at Paris, and with such reputation as to be raised to the dignity of provincial of his order in Germany, in 1254. Upon this appointment he settled at Cologne, where he is said to have constructed an automaton capable of speak.

ing, which his disciple, Thomas Aquinas, afterwards broke to pieces as a work of diabolical agency. Numerous stories are told of the magical skill of Albertus, from which it is reasonable to infer that he was an excellent mechanic. His modesty was equal to his learning; for he refused the most flattering offers that were made to induce him to settle at Rome, and also the bishopric of Ratisbon. He was zealous in preaching up the crusades, and assisted at a general council held at Lyons. He died at Cologne in 1280. His works have been published in 21 vols. fol. 1651. - Bayle.

ALBI (Henry), a learned Jesuit, was born at Bolene, in the Venaissin, in 1590, and died in 1659. He wrote the History of Illustrious Cardinals, 1653, 4to.; and other works. -Moreri.

ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague, who showed great favour to Huss, and the other reformers, for which the Roman-catholic writers have poured abuse upon his memory. He wrote some medical pieces, printed at Leipsic in 1484, 4to.

· Moreri.

ALBINOVANUS (C. Pedo), a Latin poet, who lived about thirty-five years before our era. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and a poem on the expedition of Germanicus; but only two of his pieces are extant, one, an elegy on the death of Drusus, and another on that of Mecænas. They are to be found in a miscellaneous collection of poems, printed at Amsterdam, 1703, 8vo. — Moreri.

ALBINUS (A. Posthumius), a Roman historian. He was consul in the year 151 B. C. and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, which Cicero has commended. Vossius.

ALBINUS (Bernard), a physician, whose real name was Weiss, or White. He was born at Dessau, and studied physic at Leyden, where he became professor in 1702, after having discharged the same office at other places with great reputation. He wrote several treatises on medicine, and died in 1721.- Moreri.

ALBINUS (Bernard Siegfred), son of the preceding, was born at Frankfort, in 1697. He studied at Leyden, under Boerhaave, and became professor of anatomy in the same university in 1721. In 1725 he published a work entitled "Index supellectilis anatomicæ Ravianæ," 4to.; and the year following a History of the Bones, 8vo.; of which a new edition appeared in 1762. In 1734 was published his "Historia Musculorum Hominis," 4to.; which was followed by treatises on the vascular system of the intestines, on the bones of the fœtus, &c., and Annotationes Academicæ, 4 vols. 4to. He also gave the world several editions of other anatomical works, as those of Harvey, Vesalius, Fabricius, and Eustachius. He died in 1770. His brother, Christian Bernard Albinus, was professor of anatomy at Utrecht, where he died in 1752. He pub.

lished some anatomical works of value, Gen. Biog. Dict.

ALBINUS (Eleazar). Of this writer nothing more is known than that he published a natural history of birds, a French translation of which appeared at the Hague in 1750, 2 vols. 4to. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

ALBINUS (Peter), professor of poetry at Wittemberg, and secretary to the elector at Dresden. He published the Chronicle of Misnia, in 1580, and other works on genealogy and antiquities. He died in 1598. —— Ibid.

ALBIZZI, Or ALBIZIS (Bartholomew), or Bartholomew of Pisa, was a Franciscan monk. He wrote a book on the conformity of St. Francis with Jesus Christ, in which he makes the saint equal to the Saviour. It was printed at Milan in 1510, folio. The author died in 1401.— Moreri.

ALBO (Joseph), a Spanish rabbi, who assisted, in 1412, at a conference between the Christians and Jews, and wrote a book in 1425, under the title of Sepher Hikkarim against the Gospels. It was printed in Moreri.

1486.

ALBON (James d'), marquis de Fronsac, and marechal de St. Andre, of which order he was deputed to carry the collar to Henry VIII. who made him knight of the garter. On his return he commanded at Champagne, with great reputation; but at the battle of St. Quintin was taken prisoner. At the death of Henry II. he was chosen one of the regency. He fell in the battle of Dreux in 1562. - Moreri.

ALBON (Claude Camille François count d'), a descendant of the preceding, was born at Lyons in 1753, and died at Paris in 1789. He wrote a dialogue between Alexander and Titus, 8vo.; Observations of a Citizen upon the new Plan of Imposts, 8vo.; miscellaneous works, 8vo.; Eulogies on Quesnoy, the Count de Gebelin, and Chamouset, 8vo.; La Paresse, a pretended translation from the Greek; Discourse on the Augustan age, and that of Louis XIV.; Discours politiques, historiques et critiques sur quelques gouvernements de l'Europe, 3 vols. 8vo., &c. &c. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

ALBORNOS (Gilles Alvarez Carillo), archbishop of Toledo, was born in New Castile. On being raised to the dignity of cardinal, he resigned the archbishopric. He was of a bold spirit, and taking up arms in favour of pope Urban brought all Italy into subjection, and then retired to Viterbo, where he died in 1967. He founded a college at Bologna.

- Moreri.

ALBRICUS, a philosopher and physician of the 13th century, was born in London and educated at Oxford. He wrote Virtutes Antiquorum; Canones Speculativi; De Origine Deorum, &c. - Pits. Bale.

ALBUCASIS, a physician in the 11th century, was a native of Spain. He composed