Amsterdam, where they were admitted with due form into the synagogue, and the sub ject of this article received the name of Uriel. On discovering the difference between the rites of the modern synagogue, and the institutions of Moses, he expressed his opinions so freely to the rabbis, that they excommunicated him. He then turned Sadducee, and published a book, in which he denied the immortality of the soul. For this he was fined and imprisoned by the magistrates; but soon recovered his liberty, and then made an open avowal of deism. Such, however, was his inconsistency, that he returned to the synagogue, made a recantation of his errors, and received absolution. But his conduct was watched, and it being found that he did not comply with the laws of his society in regard to eating, he was once more expelled, and remained seven years in a wretched condition, being abandoned by his nearest relations. At the expiration of that time, he submitted to the sentence of the rabbis, who compelled him to endure the most humiliating penance, before the whole congregation; but he did not long survive this degradation; for, after writing a short account of his own life in Latin, he put an end to his chequered existence with a pistol; which event happened either in 1640 or 1647.- Life of Acosta, London, 8vo. 1740.

ACREL (Olaus), a Swedish surgical writer, was born near Stockholm, at the beginning of the 18th century, and died in 1807. He served as a surgeon in the French army two years, and in 1745, settled at Stockholm, where he acquired great reputation, was appointed director-general of all the hospitals in the kingdom, and created a knight of Vasa, of which order he became commander. His works are -1. A Treatise on Fresh Wounds, 8vo. 1745. 2. Observations on Surgery, 1753. 3. On the Operation for the Cataract, 1766. 4. On the Reform of Surgical Operations, 1767. They are all in the Swedish language. Biog. Universelle.

era 444.

ACRON, a physician of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished before the Christian He is said to have put a stop to a pestilence by fumigation; and Suidas ascribes to him treatises on food and medicine. Moreri.

ACRON, OF ACRO (Helenius), an ancient scholiast on Horace, who flourished in the seventh century. His scholia were pub

lished in 1474, 4to., of which a copy fetched, at Dr. Askew's sale, the sum of six pounds ten shillings. The work was reprinted at Venice in 1490, folio.- Morert. Gen. Biog. Dict.

ACROPOLITA (George), a Byzantine historian, was born at Constantinople in 1220. He was brought up at the court of the emperor John Ducas, who appointed him great logothete, or chancellor of the empire,

His

and employed him on several important occasions. Theodore, the son of John, made him governor of the western provinces, where he was taken prisoner by Michael Angelus. On regaining his liberty, he applied to the instruction of youth, and afterwards became a judge and an ambassador. He died about the year 1283. chief work is entitled "Historia zantina," printed in Greek and Latin, at Paris, in 1651, folio. He was succeeded in the office of logothete by his son Constantine, who is called the younger Metaphrastes, on account of his having written the lives of the saints, in the manner of that historian.-Fabricius Bibl. Græc.

By

ACTUARIUS (John), physician to the court of Constantinople, this being the title borne by the chief medical attendant on the eastern emperors. The real name of this physician was Zacharias; but it is uncertain in what age he lived, some placing him in the eleventh, and others again in the fourteenth century. He was the first who recommended mild purgatives and distilled waters. A Latin version of his Therapeutics, was published by Mathisius at Venice, in 1554, 4to. Besides this work, he wrote " On Animal Spirits," in Greek, printed at Paris in 1557, 8vo., and at Leipsic in Greek and Latin, in 1774. 2. Seven books "On Urines," of which there is a Latin version, 4to. 3. A Treatise on the Composition of Medicines. In 1567, Henry Stephens printed a complete edition of his works in folio, and another appeared at Leyden, in 3 vols. 12mo. 1556.

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Moreri.

ACUNA (Christopher), a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Burgos in 1597. He became a missionary in South America, and on his return to Europe published a book, entitled "Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazones," 4to., but the copies were collected, and, with the exception of two only, destroyed. From one of the reserved copies, a French translation was made and published at Paris, with this title, "Relation de la Riviere des Amazones," 2 vols. 12mo. 1682. The author went some years afterwards to the East Indies, and is supposed to have died at Lima in 1675. — Moreri.

ACUNA (Fernando de), a Spanish poet, was born at Madrid. He was at first a soldier in the service of Charles V., but acquired more celebrity by his poetical than his military talents. His first performance was a Spanish translation of Olivier de la Marches" Chevalier Delliberè," with an additional work of his own, printed at Antwerp in 1555, 8vo. He also wrote some Italian sonnets and eclogues with elegance, and gave a Spanish version of Ovid in verse, of nine syllables. He died at Grenada in 1580.- Biog. Universelle.

ACUSILAS, a Greek historian, was born at Argos, and flourished about the same time with Cadmus the Milesian. Of his

work on the Genealogies of the principal Farmities of Greece only some fragments remain. Moreri.

ADAIR (James), serjeant-at-law, was born in London, and educated at Peter-house, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1767. After completing his studies in the Temple, he was called to the bar, and became eminent about the time when Wilkes engaged the public attention. As Mr. Adair took the part of that mock patriot, he acquired popularity; and, in 1779, was chosen recorder of London, which ffice he resigned in 1789, on which cccasion he received the thanks of the court of aldermen, and the freedom of the city in a gold ber. When the French revolution broke aut, Mr. Adair separated from his whig connections; and at the state trials had a principal share as counsel for the crown. At his death, which happened in 1798, he was member of parliament for Higham Ferrers, king's prime serjeant-at-law, and chief-justice of Chester. He published anonymously, "Observations on the Power

Alienation in the Crown," 8vo. 1768. This pamphlet was in reference to the great contest between the duke of Portland and sir James Lowther.-Gent. Mag. vol. lxviii. ADAIR (James Makittrick), a physician, who resided some years in that capacity, in the island of Antigua, and other parts of de West Indies, where also he presided as one of the judges of the courts. He was a sative of Scotland, and, on his return to England, settled at Bath, where he had any quarrels, particularly with Philip Thicknesse, of turbulent memory. The doctor died at Harrowgate in 1802. His principal performances are- 1. Medical Cautions for Invalids who resort to Bath, 1786. 2. A Philosophical and Medical Sketch of the Natural History of the Human Body and Mind, 8vo. 1787. 3. UnanswerObjections against the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 8vo. 4. Essays on Fashionabs: Diseases, 8vo. 5. An Essay on a Nondescript, or newly invented Disease, 8vo. 6. On certain Changes respecting the Inoculation for the Small Pox. 7. Anecdots of his own Life, 8vo.-This Dr. Adar is not to be confounded with James der, esquire, who was a trader, and residotanding the North American Indians sore forty years. In 1775, this gentleman patished a very curious work, entitled "The History of the American Indians, rticularly those Nations adjoining to the Lippi, East and WestFlorida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, and Virginia,"

In this book the author endeavours trace the Indians to a Hebrew origin. Gest. Meg.

ASALAED, OF ADELARD, the cousin-german Charlemagne, became a monk at the age ad twenty, in the abbey of Corbie, which pare offence to his relation, who compelled

him to return to court. On the death of that monarch, he retired to a monastery in Aquitaine, but was recalled by Louis the Meek, who bestowed many marks of favour upon him. In 823, Adelard obtained leave to return to Corbie, of which house he became abbot, and exercised himself with great diligence in directing the studies of his brethren. He also founded the abbey of New Corbie, as a seminary for the education of missionaries, who were to be employed in the conversion of the northern nations. He died in 827, aged 73. Adelard wrote a treatise on the French monarchy, of which there are only some fragments extant. Dupin.

ADALBERON (Ascelinus), bishop of Laon. He betrayed Arnoul archbishop of Rheims, and Charles duke of Lorrain, into the hands of Hugh Capet, after giving them an asylum. He died in 1030. A poem of his, descriptive of the persons and manners of his time, is extant, and has been printed. There was another prelate of this name, but of a different character, who was archbishop of Rheims, and chancellor of France in the reigns of Lothaire and Louis V. He called councils for the correction of church-discipline, and was a liberal encourager of learning and religion. He died in 988.

Moreri.

ADAM (Alexander), a schoolmaster and learned writer, was born at Rafford, in the county of Moray, in 1741. Though his parents were poor, they gave him a good education at the parish-school, after which he went to Edinburgh, where he studied with great diligence, and in 1761, was elected schoolmaster to Watson's Hospital. In 1767, he was appointed assistant to the rector of the high school, of which seminary he became head master in 1771. Here, however, a dispute soon arose between him and the ushers, on account of his endeavour to introduce a new grammar instead of that This difference being reof Ruddiman. ferred to Dr. Robertson, principal of the university, was decided by him against the The book which made so much rector. noise was published in 1772, under the title of "The Principles of Latin and English Grammar," and has been reprinted several times.

Previous to this, he had obtained the degree of doctor of laws, and he continued to compile some useful books in the line of teaching, which, on being published, increased his reputation; but when the French revolution broke out, he lost some credit by the political opinions which he openly avow ed, and imprudently introduced into his He died of an apoplectic stroke, school. December 18. 1809. His other works are — 2. A 1. Roman Antiquities, 8vo. 1791. Summary of Geography and History, 8vo. 3. Classical Biography, 8vo. Lexicon Lingua Latina Compendiarum, 8vo.-Life of Dr. Adam, Edinb. 8vo. 1810.

1794.

4.

ADAM of Bremen, an ecclesiastic of the eleventh century, who obtained that name from his being a canon of the cathedral church of Bremen, to which situation, as well as the mastership of the public school, he was appointed in 1067, by Adalbert, the archbishop. He wrote-1. Historia Ecclesiastica Ecclesiarum Hamburgensis et Bremensis ab Anno 788, ad Ann. 1072. Printed at Copenhagen in 1579, 4to.; and at Helmstadt in 1670, 4to. This last is the best edition. 2. Chronographia Scandinaviæ, 1615, 8vo. This description of Denmark was reprinted at Leyden in 1629, with the title "De Situ Daniæ et reliquarum trans Daniam Regionum natura." When this writer died is uncertain.- Moreri.

ADAM (James), a French writer, was born at Vendome in 1663, and died in 1735. He was secretary to the prince of Conti, and a member of the French Academy. He is chiefly known by his translation of De Thou's History, 16 vols. 4to. ; the Memoirs of Montecuculi, 1734, 12mo. Life of Cardinal Tournon, and Athenæus.Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ADAM (Lambert Sigisbert), a French sculptor, was born at Nancy, in 1700. His father was of the same profession, under whom he made a rapid progress, and, at the age of eighteen, visited Metz, from whence he proceeded to Paris, where he obtained the first prize, and then went to Rome with a royal pension. After residing in that capital ten years, and executing some great works, he returned home, where his first performance was the group of the "Seine et Marne," for the cascade of St. Cloud. In 1737, he was elected a member of the academy, and professor. The piece he exhibited was "Neptune calming the waves." He next executed the group of "Neptune and Amphitrite," for the bason at Versailles, which occupied him five years. Besides the numerous fine pieces of art which he finished in France, he restored several antique sculptures for the king of Prussia. In 1754, he published "Recueil de Sculptures Antiques Grecques et Romaines," folio. He died of an apoplexy, in 1759. D'Argenville, Vies de fameuse Sculpt.

ADAM (Nicholas Sebastian), brother of the preceding, was born at Nancy, in 1705. In 1726 he went to Rome, where he gained a prize, and after a residence of nine years, returned to France. For some time he was an assistant to his brother; but, on some misunderstanding between them, he worked solely for himself, and that with great credit and advantage. His best performance is the statue of Prometheus. He died in 1778. Francis Gaspard, the younger brother of these artists, also exercised his talents as a sculptor, and obtained a prize from the academy. He died at Paris in

1759. Ibid.

ADAM (Melchior), a biographer of the seventeenth century, was born in Silesia, and educated at Brieg, where the Calvinistic doctrine prevailed, and he became a zealous protestant. He was afterwards chosen rector of a college at Heidelberg, and died there in 1622. Though this writer devoted much of his time in collecting materials for the memoirs of others, there are few particulars recorded of his own life. In 1615, he published his first volume of illustrious men, which was followed by three others, in 1619 and 1620. Between those years, he also published the lives of twenty eminent divines, of different countries, in a separate volume. His biographical works have been since collected into one volume, folio, and printed at Frankfort. His other writings are - 1. Apographum Monumentorum Heidelbergensium, 1612, 4to. 2. Parodia et Metaphrases Horatianæ, 1616, 8vo. 3. Notæ in Orationem Jul. Cæsaris Scaligeri pro Cicerone, 1618.— Moreri.

ADAM (Nicholas), a French grammarian, was born at Paris in 1716. He was many years charge d'affaires at Venice, and on his return to France, published — 1. La Vraie Maniere d'apprendre une Langue quelconque, vivante ou morte, par le moyen, de la Langue Française, 5 vols. 8vo. 2. Les quatre Chapitres, de la Raison, de l'Amour de Soi, de l'Amour du Prochain, de la Vertu, 8vo. Besides these works of his own, he published translations of Horace, Phædrus, and Johnson's Rasselas. He died in 1792. Biog. Universelle.

ADAM (Robert), an architect, was born in 1728, at Kirkaldy, in the county of Fife. He received his education at the university of Edinburgh, where he acquired the friendship of several persons who afterwards rose to distinction, particularly Mr. Hume, Dr. Robertson, Dr. Smith, and Dr. Ferguson. From his father, who was also an eminent architect, he learnt the principles of that science, which knowledge he improved by a residence in Italy, where he studied the remains of the ancients with enthusiastic admiration. While abroad he engaged some artists to visit with him the ruins of the emperor Dioclesian's palace at Spalatro, of which he published a splendid account, with drawings, in one volume, folio, 1764. He was at this time architect to their majesties, and a member of the royal and antiquarian societies. In 1768 he was elected into parliament, as representative of the shire of Kinross, on which occasion he resigned his appointment as royal architect, though he still, in conjunction with his brother, continued to be employed in building modern edifices, and embellishing ancient mansions. Among other works which they undertook, was the Adelphi; but highly ornamental as it proved to the metropolis, it proved an unprofitable speculation, and in 1774 the houses were disposed of by lottery. About this

time the two brothers published in numbers their works on architecture, containing descriptions with plates, of houses which they had designed and executed. Mr. Robert Adam died at his house in Albemarle-street, March S. 1792, and his remains were deposited in Westminster-abbey. His brother James, who died in October 1794, built Portland-place. - Gent. Mag.

ADAM (Scotus), a monkish historian in the twelfth century, was born in Scotland, and educated in the monastery of Lindisfarm, from whence he went to Paris, and became a member of the Sorbonne. He afterwards returned to his native country, and was a monk, first at Melross, and lastly at Durham, where he wrote the life of St. Columbanus, and that of David I. king of Scotland. He died in 1195. His works were printed at Antwerp in 1659, fol. — Moreri.

ADAM (Thomas), an English divine, was born at Leeds in 1701, and educated at Wakefield. After remaining two years at Christ's college, Cambridge, he went to Hart-hall, now Hertford-college, Oxford, where he took his degree of B. A. On entering into orders, he obtained the living of Wintringham, in Lincolnshire, of which he continued rector fifty-eight years, and repeatedly refused additional preferment. He died in 1784. His works are a Paraphrase on the lith of the Romans, 8vo.; Lectures on the Church Catechism, a volume of sermons, and a posthumous collection of Thoughts, to which his Life is prefixed.

ADAMANTIUS of Alexandria, a Greek physician of the fifth century, and a convert from the Jewish religion, wrote a work on Physognomy, which he dedicated to the emperor Constantine. It has been often printed, particularly among the Physiognomoniæ Veteres, Gr. et Lat. J. G. Franzii, 8vo. 1780.- Fabricius Bibl. Gr. Biog. Univ.

ADAMANUS, or ADAMNANUS, abbot of the monastery of Icolmkil, was born in 624, and died in 704. From the information of a French ecclesiastic, who had been in Palestine, he wrote " De Locis Terræ Sanctæ," which has been published by Serrarius and Mabillon. He was also the author of a Life of St. Columba, which Surius has published. -Care, Hist. Lit.

ADAMI (Lionardo), an Italian scholar, was born in 1690, at Bolsema, in Tuscany. In his youth he led a wandering life, but afterwards returned to his studies, and acquired so great a reputation for his skill in the Greek and oriental languages, as to be appointed librarian to cardinal Imperiali. He died in 1719. His chief work, entitled Arcadicorum," was printed at Rome, in 1716, 4to. He left several valuable MSS. to his patron, and among the rest a history of Peloponnesus.-Biog. Universelle.

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ADAMS (Sir Thomas), lord mayor of London, was born at Wem, in Shropshire, educated at Cambridge, and afterwards brought

up a draper in London. In 1609, he was chosen alderman of the city, and in 1645, lord mayor. His loyalty was so great, that the republicans searched his house, in hopes of finding the king; and though disappointed, they confined Mr. Adams in the Tower. He sent Charles II. large sums during his exile, and at the Restoration he was appointed by the city to wait on the king, who knighted him at the Hague, and in 1661 created him a baronet.

He died in 1667, aged 81; and after his death a stone was taken from him weighing twenty-five ounces, which is in the laboratory at Cambridge. He founded a school at Wem, an Arabic professorship at Cambridge, and was at the expense of printing the Gospels in Persian. Biog. Br. ADAMS (John), a political writer and statesman, was born at Braintree, in the Massachusetts, in 1735. Before the American revolution he had acquired reputation by "An Essay on Canon and Feudal Law,' after which he distinguished himself in the contest between his country and England, though not with violence. In 1774 he was elected into congress, and when the States declared their independence, he was appointed one of the commissioners to treat with the court of France. On his return, he assisted in forming a constitution for his native province; after which he was sent ambassador to Holland. He next repaired to Paris, where he had a share in bringing about the general peace. He was the first ambassador from America to England, and on his return home took an active part in modelling the constitution of the republic, of which he was vice-president under Washington, whom he afterwards succeeded. He died in 1803. Besides the work already mentioned, he published a defence of the constitution and government of the United States of America, 3 vols. 8vo., 1787, which he afterwards republished under the title of " History of the Principal Republics," 3 vols. 8vo. 1794. Gen. Biog. Dict.

ADAMS (Joseph), a physician, was the son of an apothecary in Basinghall-street, London, and bred to the same profession. In 1796 he obtained a diploma from Aberdeen, and soon afterwards went to reside at Madeira, from whence he returned in 1805, and was elected physician to the small-pox hospital. He was also physician to the new Finsbury and Central Dispensary, and died in consequence of an accidental fall, June 20. 1818, aged 62. He published-Observations on Morbid Poisons; a Tract on the Cancerous Breast; Inquiry into the Laws of Epidemics; an Account of Madeira; a Treatise on the hereditary peculiarities of the Human Race; a Manual on Vaccination; the Life and Doctrines of John Hunter; a Treatise on Epilepsy; and various papers in different medical miscellanies and journals. Gent. Mag. lxxxviii. p. 638. ADAMS (Thomas), a native of Cheshire,

and fellow of Brazen-nose college, Oxford, who was ejected in 1662, for non-conformity. He died in 1670. He wrote "Protestant Union, or Principles of Religion," a very useful work. — Calamy's ejected Mi

nisters.

ADAMS (Richard), brother of the above, was also member of Brazen-nose college, Oxford, and afterwards had the living of St. Mildred, Bread-street, from whence he was ejected in 1662. He died in 1684. He was one of the editors of Charnock's works, and assisted in Matthew Poole's annotations on the Bible. — Ibid.

ADAMS (William), an exemplary divine, was born at Shrewsbury, in 1707, and at the age of 13 admitted a student of Pembrokecollege, Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1727, and obtained a fellowship. In 1732 he became minister of St. Chad's, Shrewsbury, and in 1756, took his doctor's degree, being at that time presented to the rectory of Counde, in Shropshire. In 1775 he was elected master of his college; on which he resigned the vicarage of St. Chad, and soon after was made archdeacon of Landaff. He died at Gloucester, of which cathedral he was prebendary, in 1789, aged 82. Dr. Adams was one of the most intimate friends of Dr. Johnson, who held him in high esteem. Besides some occasional sermons, collected into one volume octavo, he printed an answer to Hume's Essay on Miracles, 8vo. 1752. Gen. Biog. Dict.

ADAMSON (Patrick), archbishop of St. Andrew's, was born at Perth in 1543. At the age of 23 he went abroad as tutor to a young gentleman, but happening to be at Paris when Queen Mary was delivered, he wrote a Latin poem on the occasion, in which he styled the royal infant king of England and France, for which he was thrown into prison, and confined three months. On regaining his liberty he went to Bourges, where he very narrowly escaped at the time of the massacre of Paris. In his concealment, he turned the book of Job into Latin verse, and wrote a tragedy of Herod in the same language. In 1573 he returned to Scotland, entered into orders, and became minister of Paisley. Soon after this he was one of the commissioners for settling the constitution of the church of Scotland, which procured him the primacy. This, however, brought upon him the enmity of the presbyterian faction, who persecuted him unmercifully; and even charged him with employing witches, one of whom was burnt for healing the arch bishop in a desperate disease. The king released him from his troubles, and sent him ambassador to Queen Elizabeth. On his return home, the presbyterians renewed their attacks upon the archbishop, who was excommunicated in a synod. In a general as sembly ne was absolved; but fresh accusations being brought against him, and losing the king's favour, he died in poverty in 1691.

His works were printed at London in 1619, with his life prefixed, written by Thomas Volusenus, or Wilson. — Biog. Brit.

In

ADANSON (Michael), a French naturalist, was born at Aix, in Provence, of a Scotch family, in 1727. He received his education at the university of Paris, where his diminutive stature excited the ridicule of his fellowstudents, from whom, however, he contrived by his abilities to carry away the principal prizes. The friendship of Needham induced him to pursue the study of natural history, in which he made great progress without neglecting other branches of learning. 1748 he visited Senegal, where he made a vast collection of natural curiosities; and on his return published an interesting account of that country; of which work a translation appeared at London, in 1759. In 1763 the author printed his "Familles des Plantes," 2 vols. 8vo., of which work he published, many years after, a second and an enlarged edition. His reputation as a naturalist of the first order, not only introduced him into the academy, but procured him the place of royal censor, and invitations from the emperor of Germany, the empress of Russia, and the king of Spain, to settle in their dominions. These last offers he declined; and in the same spirit of disinterestedness he neglected to secure a provision for the close of life, in consequence of which, at the Revolution, he was reduced to extreme indigence; so that when asked to become a member of the Institute, he refused, saying, "he had no shoes." He died in 1806, leaving behind him a vast number of manuscripts. Biog. Universelle. ADDINGTON (Anthony), a physician, was born in 1713, and educated at Trinity-college, Oxford, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1740, and that of doctor of physic in 1744. He was admitted fellow of the college of physicians in 1756, about which time he settled at Reading, where he had considerable practice in cases of insanity. He died in 1790. He wrote an Essay on the Scurvy, with the Method of preserving Water sweet at Sea, 8vo. ; another on the Mortality among Cattle, 8vo.; and a po litical pamphlet concerning a negociation between lord Chatham and lord Bute, 80. He was the father of Viscount Sidmouth. Europ. Mag.

ADDINGTON (Stephen), a dissenting minis ter, was born at Northampton, in 1729, and educated under Dr. Doddridge. In 1750 he became pastor of a meeting at Speldwick, in Huntingdonshire, from whence he removed to Market-Harborough, in Leices tershire, where he kept also an academy several years. In 1781 he accepted an invitation to become minister of the congregation in Miles's Lane, Cannon-street; and about the same time he instituted a seminary for young students in divinity, in the Minories, where he died in 1796. He published a System of Arithmetic, 2 vols. 8vo. ; a Greek