CHEMNITZ, MARTIN, a famous Lutheran divine, the difciple of Melanthon, was born at Britzen in Brandenburg, in 1522. He was employed in feveral important negociations by the princes of the fame communion; and died in 1589. His principal work. is the examen of the Council of Trent, in Latin. CHEMOSH. See CHAMOS.

CHEMOSIS, a disease of the eyes, proceeding from an inflammation; wherein the white of the eye fwells above the black, and overtops it to fuch a degree, that there appears a fort of gap between them. Others define it to be an elevation of the membrane which furrounds the eye, and is called the white; being an affection of the eye, like white flesh.

CHENOPODIUM, GOOSE-FOOT, or Wild Orach: See BOTANY Index.

CHEPELIO, an ifland in the bay of Panama and province of Darien, in South America, fituated about three leagues from the city of Panama, which it fupplies with provifions. W. Long. 81. N. Lat. 9.

CHEPSTOW, a market town of Monmouthshire in England, feated on the river Wye near its mouth, in W. Long. 2. 40. N. Lat. 51. 40.

CHEQ, or CHERIF, the prince of Mecca, who is, as it were, high-prieft of the law, and fovereign pontiff of all the Mahometans of whatever fect or country they be. See CALIPH.

The grand fignior, fophis, moguls, khans of Tartary, &c. fend him yearly prefents, efpecially tapestry to cover Mahomet's tomb withal, together with a fumptuous tent for himself, and vaft fums of money to provide for all the pilgrims during the 17 days of their devotion.

CHERASCO, a ftrong and confiderable town of Italy, in Piedmont, and capital of a territory of the fame name, with a strong citadel belonging to the king of Sardinia, where he retired in 1706, during the fiege of Turin. It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Sturia and Tanaro, upon a mountain. E. Long. 7. 55. N. Lat. 44. 35.

CHERBURG, a fea port town of France, in Normandy, with a harbour and Auguftine abbey. It is remarkable for the fea-fight between the English and French fleets in 1692, when the latter were beat, and upwards of twenty of their men of war burnt near Cape la Hogue. The British landed here in Auguft 1758, and took the town, with the fhips in the bason, demolished the fortifications, and ruined the other works which had been long carried on for enlarging the harbour and rendering it more fafe and convenient. Within these few years it has been attempted again to improve the harbour, and rebuild the works; but after confiderable progrefs had been made, a great part of them fuddenly gave way, and the enterprise it is thought will not be again refumed. E. Long. 1. 38. N. Lat. 49. 38.

CHEREM, among the Jews, is used to fignify a fpecies of annihilation. See ANNIHILATION.

The Hebrew word cherem, fignifies properly to defroy, exterminate, devote, or anathematife.

CHEREM is likewife fometimes taken for that which is confecrated, vowed, or offered to the Lord, fo that it may no longer be employed in common or profane ufes. No devoted thing that a man fhall devote unto the Lord, of all that he hath of man and beaft, and

Cherub.

of the field of his poffeffion, fhall be fold or redeemed; Cherem every devoted thing is mott holy to the Lord: none devoted, which shall be devoted of men, thall be redeemed, but fhall furely be put to death. There are fome who affert that the perfons thus devoted were put to death; whereof Jephtha's daughter is a memorable example. Judges xi. 29. &c.

CHEREM is alfo used for a kind of excommunication in ufe among the Jews. See NIDDUI.

CHERESOUL, or CHAHRZUL, a town of Turkey in Afia, capital of Curdistan, and the feat of a beglerbeg. E. Long. 45. 15. N. Lat. 36. 0.

CHERILUS, of Samos, a Greek poet, flourished 479 years before Chrift. He fung the victory gained by the Athenians over Xerxes, and was rewarded with a piece of gold for every verfe. His poem had afterwards the honour of being rehearsed yearly with the works of Homer.

CHERLERIA. See BOTANY Index.

CHERLESQUIOR, in Turkish affairs, denotes a lieutenant general of the grand fignior's armies.

CHERMES, in Zoology, a genus of infects belonging to the order of infecta hemiptera. See ENTOMOLOGY Index.

CHERMES Mineral. See KERMES.

CHERRY-ISLAND, an island in the northern ocean; lying between Norway and Greenland, in E. Long. 20. 5. N. Lat. 75. 0.

CHERRY-Tree. See PRUNUS, BOTANY Index.

CHERSO, an island in the gulf of Venice, with a town, of the fame name near Croatia, belonging to the Venetians. The air is good, but the foil ftony; however, it abounds in wine, cattle, oil, and excellent honey. E. Long. 15. 5. N. Lat. 45. 8.

CHERSONESUS, among modern geographers, the fame with a peninfula; or a continent almoft encompafled round with the fea, only joining to the main land by a narrow neck or ifthmus. The word is Greek xigooroos; of xigros, land, and vnoos, ifland; which fignifies the fame. In ancient geography, it was applied to feveral peninfulas; as the Cherfonefus Aurea, Cimbrica, Taurica, and Thracica, now thought to be Malacca, Jutland, Crim Tartary, and Romania.

CHERT, PETROSILEX, Lapis Corneus, the Hornfein of the Germans. See MINERALOGY Index.

CHERTZEY, a market town of Surrey in Eng land, about feven miles weft from Kingiton upon Thames. W. Long. 30. N. Lat. 51. 25.

CHERUB, (plural, CHERUBIM); a celeftial fpirit, which in the hierarchy is placed next to the feraphim. See HIERARCHY.

The term cherub, in Hebrew, is fometimes taken for a calf or ox. Ezekiel fets down the face of the cherub as fynonymous to the face of an ox. The word cherub, in Syriac and Chaldee, fignifies to till or plow, which is the proper work of oxen. Cherub alfo fignifies Arong and powerful. Grotius fays, that the cherubim were figures much like that of a calf. Bochart thinks likewise, that the cherubim were more like to the figure of an ox than to any thing befides; and Spencer is of the fame opinion. Laftly, St John, in the Revelation, calls cherubim beafts. Jofephus fays the cherubim were extraordinary creatures, of a figure unknown to mankind. Clemens of Alexandria be5 F2

lieves,

Chefelden.

and moft deferving man in the whole profeffion of Cheshire, chirurgery; and has faved the lives of thousands by Cheine. his manner of cutting for the ftone." He appears to have been on terms of the most intimate friendship with Mr Pope, who frequently, in his Letters to Mr Richardfon, talks of dining with Mr Chefelden, who then lived in or near Queen Square. In February 1737, Mr Chefelden was appointed furgeon to Chelfea hofpital. As a governor of the Foundling Hofpital, he fent a benefaction of 50l. to that charity, May 7. 1751, inclosed in a paper with the following

lines :

'Tis what the happy to th' unhappy owe;

Chervil lieves, that the Egyptians imitated the cherubim of the Hebrews in the reprefentations of their fphinxes and their hieroglyphical animals. All the feveral defcriptions, which the fcripture gives us of cherubim, differ from one another; but all agree in reprefenting them as a figure compofed of various creatures, as a man, an ox, an eagle, and a lion. Such were the cherubim defcribed by Ezekiel. Thofe which Ifaiah faw, and are called feraphim by him, had the figure of a man with fix wings; with two whereof they covered their faces, with two more they covered their feet, and with the two others they flew. Thofe which Solomon placed in the temple at Jerufalem are fuppofed to have been nearly of the fame form. Thofe which St John defcribes in the Revelations were all eyes before and behind, and had each fix wings. The firft was in the form of a lion, the fecond in that of a calf, the third of a man, and the fourth of an eagle. The figure of the cherubim was not always uniform, fince they are differently defcribed in the fhapes of men, eagles, oxen, lions, and in a compofition of all thefe figures put together. Mofes likewife calls thefe fymbolical or hieroglyphical reprefentations, which were embroidered on the veils of the tabernacle, cherubim of coftly work. Such were the fymbolical figures which the Egyptians placed at the gates of their temples and the images of the generality of their gods, which were commonly nothing but ftatues compofed of men and animals.

CHERVIL. See CHAROPHYLLUM, BOTANY In

dex.

CHESAPEAK, in America, one of the largest bays in the known world. Its entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Henry in Virginia, 12 miles wide; and it extends 270 miles to the northward, dividing Virginia and Maryland. Through this extent it is from 7 to 18 miles broad, and generally about 9 fathoms deep; affording many commodious harbours, and a fafe and eafy navigation. It receives the waters of the Sufquehannah, Potomak, Rappahannock, York, and James rivers, which are all large and navigable.

CHESELDEN, WILLIAM, an eminent anatomift and furgeon, was born at Burrow on the Hill, in the county of Leicester, defcended from an ancient family in the county of Rutland, whofe arms and pedigree are in Wright's "Hiftory of Rutland." He received the rudiments of his profeffional skill at Leicester; and married Deborah Knight, a citizen's daughter, by whom he had one daughter, Williamina Deborah. In 1713 he published his Anatomy of the Human Body, one volume 8vo; and in 1723, A Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone. He was one of the earliest of his profeffion who contributed by his writings to raife it to its prefent eminence. In the beginning of 1736, he was thus honourably mentioned by Mr Pope: "As foon as I had fent my last letter, I received a moft kind one from you, expreffing great pain for my late illness at Mr Chefelden's. I conclude you was eased of that friendly apprehenfion in a few days after you had dispatched your's, for mine must have reached you then. I wondered a little at your query, Who Chefelden was? It fhows that the trueft merit does not travel fo far any way as on the wings of poetry: he is the most noted

For what man gives, the gods by him bestow. POPE. He died at Bath, April 11. 1752, of a diforder arifing from drinking ale after eating hot buns. Finding himself uneafy, he fent for a phyfician, who advised vomiting immediately; and if the advice had been taken, it was thought his life might have been faved. By his direction, he was buried at Chelsea.

CHESHIRE, a maritime county of England, bounded by Lancashire on the north; Shropshire and part of Flintshire, on the fouth; Derbyshire and Staffordshire, on the east and fouth-eaft; and Denbighfhire, and part of Flintshire, on the weft and north-west. It extends in length about 44 miles, in breadth 25; and is fuppofed to contain 125,000 inhabitants. Both the air and foil in general are good. In many places of the country are peat-moffes, in which are often found trunks of fir-trees, fometimes feveral feet under ground, that are used by the inhabitants both for fuel and candles. Here alfo are many lakes and pools well ftored with fish; befides the rivers Merfey, Weaver, and Dee, which laft falls into a creek of the Irish fea near Chefter. This county alfo abounds with wood: but what it is chiefly remarkable for, is its cheefe, which has a peculiar flavour, generally thought not to be inferior to any in Europe; (fee CHEESE). The principal towns are, Chefter the capital, Cholmondely, Namptwitch, &c.

William the Conqueror erected this county into a palatinate, or county-palatine, in favour of his nephew Hugh Lupus, to whom he granted the fame fovereignty and jurifdiction in it that he himself had in the reft of the island. By virtue of this grant, the town of Chefter enjoyed fovereign jurifdiction within its own precincts; and that in fo high a degree, that the earls held parliaments, confifling of their barons and tenants, which were not bound by the acts of the English parliament: but the exorbitant power of the palatinates was at laft reduced by Henry VIII.; however, all cafes and crimes, except thofe of error, foreign plea, foreign voucher, and high-treafon, are ftill heard and determined within the fhire. The earls were anciently fuperiors of the whole county, and all the landholders were mediately or immediately their vaffals, and under the like fovereign allegiance to them as they were to the kings of England; but the earldom was united to the crown by Edward III. fince which time, the eldeft fons of kings of England have always been earls of Chefter, as well as princes of Wales. Cheshire fends four members to parliament; two for the county, and two for the capital.

CHESNE, ANDREW DU, ftyled the father of French history,