Cajetan.

Cagliari would choose to be, were it in his power, after Raphael and Corregio, named Paul Veronefe; whom he always called his Paolino. He died of a fever at Venice in 1588, and had a tomb and a statue of brass erected to his memory in the church of St Sebastian. He left great wealth to his two fons Gabriel and Charles, who lived happily together, and joined in finishing feveral of their father's imperfect pieces with good fuccefs.

CAGLIARI, an ancient, large, and rich town, capital of the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean. It is feated on the declivity of a hill; is an univerfity, an archbishopric, and the refidence of the viceroy. It has an excellent harbour, and a good trade; but is a place of no great ftrength. It was taken, with the whole ifland, by the English in 1708, who transferred it to the emperor Charles VI.; but it was retaken by the Spaniards in 1717, and about two years afterwards ceded to the duke of Savoy in lieu of Sicily, and hence he has the title of king of Sardinia. E. Long. 9. 14. N. Lat. 39. 12.

CAGUI, in Zoology, a fynonyme of two fpecies of monkeys, viz. the jacchus and oedipus. See SIMIA, MAMMALIA Index.

CAHORS, a confiderable town of France, in Querci in Guienne, with a bishop's fee and a univerfity. It is feated on a peninsula made by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. The principal street is very narrow; and terminates in the market place, in which is the town-house. The cathedral is a Gothic structure, and has a large fquare fteeple. The fortifications are regular, and the town is furrounded with thick walls. E. Long. 1. 6. N. Lat. 44. 26.

CAHYS, a dry measure for corn, ufed in fome parts of Spain, particularly at Seville and at Cadiz. It is near a bufhel of our measure.

CAJANABURG, the capital of the province of Cajania or Eft Bothnia in Sweden, fituated on the north-east part of the lake Cajania, in E. Long. 27. 0. N. Lat. 63. 50.

CAIAPHAS, high priest of the Jews after Simon, condemned Chrift to death: and was put out of his place by the emperor Vitellius, for which difgrace he made away with himself.

CAJAZZO, a town of the province of Lavoro in the kingdom of Naples, fituated in E. Long. 15. 0. N. Lat. 41. 15.

CAICOS, the name of fome American islands to the north of St Domingo, lying from W. Long. 112. 10. to 113. 16. N. Lat. 21. 40.

CAJEPUT, an oil brought from the Eaft Indies, refembling that of cardamoms.

See MELALEUCA. CAIETA, in Ancient Geography, a port and town of Latium, fo called from Eneas's nurfe; now Gaeta, which fee.

CAJETAN, CARDINAL, was born at Cajeta in the kingdom of Naples in the year 1469. His proper name was Thomas de Vio; but he adopted that of Cajetan from the place of his nativity. He defended the authority of the pope, which fuffered greatly at the council of Nice, in a work entitled Of the power of the Pope; and for this work he obtained the bishopric of Cajeta. He was afterwards raifed to the archiepifcopal fee of Palermo, and in 1517 was made a cardinal by Pope Leo X. The year after, he was fent as le

gate into Germany, to quiet the commotions raised againft indulgencies by Martin Luther; but Luther, under protection of Frederic elector of Saxony, fet him at defiance; for though he obeyed the cardinal's fummons, in repairing to Augfburg, yet he rendered all his proceedings ineffectual. Catejan was employed in feveral other negotiations and tranfactions, being as ready at business as at letters. He died in 1534. He wrote Commentaries upon Aristotle's philofophy, and upon Thomas Aquinas's theology; and made a literal tranflation of the Old and New Teftaments.

CAIFONG, a large, populous, and rich town of Afia, in China, feated in the middle of a large and well cultivated plain. It ftands in a bottom; and when befieged by the rebels in 1642, they ordered the dykes of the river Hoang-ho to be cut, which drowned the city, and deftroyed 300,000 of its inhabitants. E. Long. 113. 27. N. Lat. 35. 0.

CAILLE, NICHOLAS LOUIS DE LA, an eminent mathematician and aftronomer, was born at a small town in the diocefe of Rheims in 1713. His father had ferved in the army, which he quitted, and in his retirement ftudied mathematics; and amufed himself with mechanic exercifes, wherein he proved the happy author of feveral inventions of confiderable ufe to the public. Nicholas, almoft in his infancy, took a fancy to mechanics, which proved of fignal fervice to him in his maturer years. He was fent young to fchool at Mantes-fur-Seine, where he difcovered early tokens of genius. In 1729, he went to Paris; where he studied the claffics, philofophy, and mathematics. Afterwards he went to study divinity at the college de Navarre, propofing to embrace an ecclefiaftical life. At the end of three years he was ordained a deacon, and officiated as fuch in the church of the college de Mazarin feveral years; but he never entered into priests orders, apprehending that his aftronomical studies, to which he became most affiduously devoted, might too much interfere with his religious duties. In 1739, he was conjoined with M. de Thury, fon to M. Caffini, in verifying the meridian of the royal obfervatory through the whole extent of the kingdom of France. In the. month of November the fame year, whilft he was engaged day and night in the operations which this grand undertaking required, and at a great distance from Paris, he was, without any folicitation, elected into the vacant mathematical chair which the celebrated M. Varignon had fo worthily filled. Here he began to teach about the end of 1740; and an obfervatory was ordered to be erected for his ufe in the college, and furnished with a fuitable apparatus of the best inftruments. In May 1741, M. de la Caille was admitted into the Royal Academy of Sciences as an adjoint member for aftronomy. Befides the many excellent papers of his difperfed up and down in their memoirs, he published Elements of Geometry, mechanics, optics, and aftronomy. Moreover, he carefully computed all the eclipfes of the fun and moon that had happened fince the Chriftian era, which were printed in a book published by two Benedictines, entitled

art de verefier les dates, &c. Paris, 1750, in 4to. Befides thefe he compiled a volume of aftronomical ephemerides for the years 1745 to 1755; another for the years 1755 to 1765; a third for the years 1765 to 1775; an excellent work entitled Aftronomia funda

G 2

monta

CAIMAN, or CAYMAN ISLANDS, certain American iflands lying south of Cuba, and north-weft of Jamaica, between 81° and 86° of weft longitude, and in 21° of north latitude. They are most remarkable on account of the fishery of tortoife, which the people of Jamaica catch here and carry home, alive, keeping them in pens for food, and killing them as they want them.

CAIN, eldest fon of Adam and Eve, killed his brother Abel; for which he was condemned by God to banishment and a vagabond state of life. Cain retired to the land of Nod, on the east of Eden; and built a city, to which he gave the name of his fon Enoch.

CAINITES, a fect of heretics in the zd century, fo called on account of their great refpect for Cain. They pretended that the virtue which produced Abel was of an order inferior to that which had produced Cain, and that this was the reason why Cain had the victory over Abel and killed him; for they admitted a great number of genii, which they called virtues, of different ranks and orders. They made profeffion of honouring those who carry in Scripture the most visible marks of reprobration; as the inhabitants of Sodom, Efau, Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. They had, in particular, a very great veneration for the traitor Ju das, under pretence that the death of Jefus Chrift had faved mankind. They had a forged gospel of Judas, to which they paid great refpect.

CAIRNS, or CARNES, the vulgar name of those heaps of ftones which are to be feen in many places of Britain, particularly Scotland and Wales.-They are compofed of ftones of all dimenfions thrown together in a conical form, a flat stone crowning the apex; (fee Plate CXXXV.

Various caufes have been affigned by the learned for thefe heaps of ftones. They have fuppofed them to have been, in times of inauguration, the places where the chieftan elect ftood to fhow himself to best advantage to the people; or the place from whence judgement was pronounced; or to have been erected on the road-fide in honour of Mercury; or to have been formed in memory of fome folemn compact, particularly where accompanied by standing pillars of ftones; or for the celebration of certain religious ceremonies. Such might have been the reafons, in fome inftances, where the evidences of stone chefts and urns are wanting but these are fo generally found that they feem to determine the most ufual purpose of the piles in queftion to have been for fepulchral monuments. Even this deftination might render them fuitable to other purposes; particularly religious, to which by their nature they might be fuppofed to give additional folemnity. According to Toland, fires were kindled on the tops or flat stones, at certain times of the year, particularly on the eves of the 1ft of May and the 1ft of November, for the purpose of facrificing; at which time all the people having extinguished their domeftic hearths rekindled them from the facred fires of the cairns. In general, therefore, thefe accumulations appear to have been defigned for the fepulchral protection of heroes and great men. The ftone chefts, the repo.

Cairo.

fitory of the urns and afhes, are lodged in the earth Cairns, beneath fometimes only one, fometimes more, are found thus depofited; and Mr Pennant mentions an inftance of 17 being difcovered under the fame pile.

Cairns are of different fizes, fome of them very large. Mr Pennant defcribes one in the island of Arran, 114 feet over, and of a vaft height. They may juftly be fuppofed to have been proportioned in fize to the rank of the perfon, or to his popularity: the people of a whole district affembled to fhow their refpect to the deceased; and, by an active honouring of his memory, foon accumulated heaps equal to thofe that aftonish us at this time. But thefe honours were not merely those of the day; as long as the memory of the deceased endured, not a paffenger went by without adding a ftone to the heap they fuppofed it would be an honour to the dead, and acceptable to his manes.

Quanquam feftinas, non eft mora longa: licebit
Injecto ter pulvera, curras.

To this moment there is a proverbial expreffion among
the Highlanders allufive to the old practice; a fuppli-
ant will tell his patron, Curri mi cloch er do charne,
"I will add a ftone to your cairn;" meaning, When
you are no more, I will do all poffible honour to your

memory.

In

Cairns are to be found in all parts of our islands, in Cornwall, Wales, and all parts of North Britain; they were in ufe among the northern nations; Dahlberg, in his 323d plate, has given the figure of one. Wales they are called carneddau; but the proverb taken from them there, is not of the complimental kind :: Karn ar dy ben, or, "A cairn on your head," is a to-ken of imprecation.

CAIRO, or GRAND CAIRO, the capital of Egypt, fituated in a plain at the foot of a mountain, in E.Long. 32. o. N. Lat. 30. o. It was founded by Jawhar, a Magrebian general, in the year of the Hegira 358. He had laid the foundation of it under the horofcope of Mars; and for that reafon gave his new city the name of Al Kabira, or the Victorious, an epithet applied by the Arab aftronomers to that planet. In 362 it became the refidence of the caliphs of Egypt, and of confequence the capital of that country, and has ever fince continued to be fo. It is divided into the New and Old cities. Old Cairo is on the eaftern fide of the river Nile, and is now almost uninhabited. The new, which is properly Cairo, is feated in a fandy plain about two miles and a half from the old city. It ftands on the western fide of the Nile, from which it is not three quarters of a mile diftant. It is extended along the mountain on which the castle is built, for the fake of which it was removed hither, in order, as fome pretend, to be under its protection. However, the change is much for the worse, as well with regard to air as water, and the pleasantness of the profpect. Bulack may be called the port of Cairo ; for it ftands on the bank of the Nile, about a mile and a half from it, and all the corn and other commodities are landed there before they are brought to the city. Some travellers have made Cairo of a most enormous magnitude, by taking in the old city, Bulack, and the new; the real circumference of it, however, is not above ten miles, but it is extremely populous. The first thing that strikes a traveller is the narrowness of the

Streets,

Cairo. ftreets, and the appearance of the houfes.

These are fo daubed with mud on the outfide, that you would think they were built with nothing elfe. Befides, as the streets are unpaved, and always full of people, the walking in them is very inconvenient, especially to ftrangers. To remedy this, there are a great number of affes, which always ftand ready to be hired for a trifle, that is, a penny a mile. The owners drive them along, and give notice to the crowd to make way. And here it may be obferved, that the Christians in this, as well as other parts of the Turkish dominions, are not permitted to ride upon horfes. The number of the inhabitants can only be gueffed at; but we may conclude it to be very great, because in fome years the plague will carry off 200,000, without their being much miffed. The houses are from one to two or three ftories high, and flat at the top; where they take the air, and often fleep all night. The better fort of these have a court on the infide like a college. The common run of houses have very little room, and even among great people it is ufual for 20 or 30 to lie in a fmall hall. Some houfes will hold 300 perfons of both fexes, among whom are 20 or 30 flaves; and thofe of ordinary rank have generally three or four.

There is a canal called khalis, which runs along the city from one end to the other, with houses on each fide, which make a large ftraight street. Befides this, there are feveral lakes, which are called birks in the language of the country. The principal of thefe, which is near the caftle, is 500 paces in diameter. The most elegant houfes in the city are built on its banks; but what is extraordinary, eight months in the year it contains water, and the other four it appears with a charming verdure. When there is water fufficient, it is always full of gilded boats, barges, and barks, in which people of condition take their pleasure towards night, at which time there are curious fireworks, and variety of mufic.

New Cairo is furrounded with walls built with stone, on which are handfome battlements, and at the distance of every hundred paces there are very fine towers, which have room for a great number of people. The walls were never very high, and are in many places gone to ruin. The basha lives in the castle, which was built by Saladine 700 years ago. It ftands in the middle of the famous mountain Moketan, which terminates in this place, after it had accompanied the Nile from Ethiopia hither. This castle is the only place of defence in Egypt; and yet the Turks take no notice of its falling, infomuch that in procefs of time it will become a heap of rubbish. The principal part in it is a magnificent hall, environed with 12 columns of granite, of a prodigious height and thickness, which fuftain an open dome, under which Saladine diftributed juftice to his fubjects. Round this dome there is an infcription in relievo, which determines the date and by whom it was built. From this place the whole city of Cairo may be feen, and above 30 miles along the Nile, with the fruitful plains that lie near it, as well as the mofques, pyramids, villages, and gardens, with which thefe fields are covered. Thefe granite pillars were the work of antiquity, for they were got out of the ruins of Alexandria. There are likewife in the mofques and in the principal houfes no less

than 40,000 more, befides great magazines, where all Cairo. kinds are to be had at very low rates. A janizary happened to find five in his garden, as large as thofe in the caftle; but could not find any machine of ftrength fufficient to move them, and therefore had them fawed in pieces to make millftones. It is belie ved that there have been 30 or 40,000 of thefe pillars brought from Alexandria, where there are yet many more to be had. The gates of Cairo are three, which are very fine and magnificent.

There are about 300 public mofques in this city, fome of which have fix minarets. The mofque of Afher hath feveral buildings adjoining, which were once a famous univerfity, and 14.000 scholars and ftudents were maintained on the foundation ; but it has now not above 1400, and thofe are only taught to read and write. write. All the mofques are built upon the fame plan, and differ only in magnitude. The entrance is through the principal gate into a large fquare, open on the top, but well paved. Round this are covered galleries, fupported by pillars; under which they fay their pray. ers, in the fhade. On one fide of the fquare there are particular places with bafons of water for the conveniency of performing the ablutions enjoined by the Koran. The most remarkable part of the mofque, befides the minaret, is the dome. This is often bold, well proportioned, and of an aftonishing magnitude. The infide ftones are carved like lace, flowers, and melons. They are built fo firm, and with fuch art, that they will last 600 or 700 years. About the outward circumference there are large Arabic infcriptions in relievo, which may be read by thofe who ftand below, though they are fometimes of a wonderful height.

The khanes or caravanferas are numerous and large, with a court in the middle, like their houses. Some are several stories high, and are always full of people and merchandise. The Nubians, the Abyffinians, and other African nations, which come to Cairo, have one to themselves, where they always meet with lodging. Here they are fecure from infults, and their effects are all fafe. Befides these there is a bazar, or market, where all forts of goods are to be fold. This is in a long broad ftreet; and yet the crowd is fo great, you can hardly pafs along. At the end of this street is another fhort one, but pretty broad, with fhops full of the best fort of goods and precious merchandise. At the end of this fhort street there is a great khane, where all forts of white flaves are to be fold. Farther than this is another khane, where a great number of blacks, of both fexes, are expofed to fale. Not far from the best market place is a mofque, and an hofpital for mad people. They alfo receive and maintain fick people in this hofpital, but they are poorly looked after.

Old Cairo has fearce any thing remarkable but the granaries of Jofeph; which are nothing but a high wall, lately built, which includes a fquare fpot of ground where they depofite wheat, barley, and other grain, which is a tribute to the batha, paid by the owners of land. This has no other covering but the heavens, and therefore the birds are always fure to have their share. There is likewife a tolerably handfome church, which is made ufe of by the Copts, who are Chriftians and the original inhabitants of Egypt.

Jofeph's

cheft ufed in laying the foundations of the piers of a Caithness. bridge.

Car Jofeph's well is in the caftle, and was made by King Mohammed about 700 years ago. It is called Jofeph's well, because they attribute every thing extraordinary to that remarkable perfon. It is cut in a rock, and is 280 feet in depth. The water is drawn up to the top by means of oxen, placed on platforms, at proper distances, which turn about the machines that raise it. The defcent is fo floping, that, though there are no fteps, the oxen can defcend and afcend with ease.

See Bar

The river Nile, to which not only Cairo, but all Egypt is fo much indebted, is now known to have its rife in Abyffinia. The increase of the Nile generally begins in May, and in June they commonly proclaim about the city how much it is rifen. Over against old Cairo the bafha has a houfe, wherein the water enters to a column, which has lines at the distance of every inch, and marks at every two feet as far as 30. When the water rifes to 22 feet, it is thought to be of a fufficient height; when it rifes much higher, it does a great deal of mifchief. There is much pomp and ceremony used in letting the water into the canal above mentioned. See EGYPT.

The inhabitants of Cairo are a mixture of Moors, Turks, Jews, Greeks, and Copts or Coptis. The only difference between the habit of the Moors and Coptis is their turbans; thofe of the Mcors being white, and of the Coptis white striped with blue. The common people generally wear a long black loofe frock, fewed together all down before. The Jews wear a frock of the fame fashion, made of cloth; and their caps are like a high-crowned hat, without brims, covered with the fame cloth, but not fo taper. The Jewish women's are not very unlike the men's, but more light and long. The Greeks are habited like the Turks, only their turbans differ.

Provifions of all kinds are exceedingly plenty; for 20 eggs may be bought for a parah or penny, and bread is fix times as cheap as with us. They have almost all forts of flesh and fish; and in particular have tame buffaloes, which are very useful. They bring goats into the ftreets in great numbers, to fell their milk. Their gardens are well stocked with fruit trees of various kinds, as well as roots, herbs, melons, and cucumbers. The most common flesh meat is mutton. The goats are very beautiful, and have ears two feet in length; but their flesh is in no great efteem. See further the article EGYPT.

CAIROAN, or CAIRWAN, a city of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, feated in a fandy barren foil, about five miles from the gulf of Capres. It has neither fpring, well, nor river; for which reafon they are obliged to preserve rain water in tanks and cisterns. It was built by the Aglabites; and is the ancient Cyrene *, but hath now loft its fplendour. There is ftill, however, a very fuperb mofque, and the tombs of the kings of Tunis are yet to be feen, E. Long. 9. 12. N. Lat. 35. 40.

CAISSON, in the military art, a wooden cheft, into which feveral bombs are put, and fometimes filled only with gun-powder: this is buried under fome work whereof the enemy intend to poffefs tnemfelves, and, when they are masters of it, is fired, in order to blow them up.

CAISSON is alfo ufed for a wooden frame or

CAITHNESS, otherwife called the fire of Wick, is the most northern county of all Scotland; bounded on the east by the ocean, and by Strathnaver and Suther land on the fouth and fouth-weft: from thefe it is divided by the mountain of Orde, and a continued ridge of hills as far as Knockfin, then by the whole course of the river Hallowdale. On the north it is washed by the Pentland or Pictland frith, which flows between this county and the Orkneys. It extends 35 miles from north to fouth, and about 20 from east to west. The coaft is rocky, and remarkable for a number of bays and promontories. Of thefe, the principal are Sandfide head to the west, pointing to the opening of Pentland frith; Orcas, now Holborn-head, and Dunnethead, both pointing northward to the frith. Dunnethead is a peninfula about a mile broad, and feven in compafs; affording feveral lakes, good pasture, excellent mill-ftones, and a lead mine. Scribifter bay, on the north-weft is a good harbour, where fhips may ride fecurely. Rice-bay, on the east fide, extends three miles in breadth; but is of dangerous accefs, on account of fome funk rocks at the entrance. At the bottom of this bay appear the ruins of two ftrong castles, the feat of the earl of Caithnefs, called Cafle Sinclair, and Gernego, joined to each other by a draw-bridge. Duncan's bay, otherwife called Dunfby-head, is the north-east point of Caithnefs, and the extremeft promontory in Britain. At this place, the breadth of the frith does not exceed 12 miles, and in the neighbourhood is the ordinary ferry to the Orkneys. Here is likewife Clytheness pointing eaft, and Nothead pointing north-east. The fea in this place is very impetuous, being in continual agitation from violent counter tides, currents, and vortices. The only ifland belonging to this county is that of Stroma, in the Pentland frith, at the distance of two miles from the main land, extending about a mile in length, and producing good corn. The navigation is here rendered very difficult by conflicting tides and currents, which at both ends of the island produce a great agitation in the fea. At the south end, the waves dance fo impetuously, that the failors term them the merry men of May, from the name of a gentleman's feat on the oppofite fhore of Caithness, which ferved them as a land mark, in the dangerous paffage between the island and the continent. The property of this island was once difputed between the earls of Orkney and Caithness; but adjudged to the latter, in confequence of an experiment, by which it appeared, that venomous creatures will live in Stroma, whereas they die immediately if tranfported to the Orkneys. The county of Caithnefs, though chiefly mountainous, flattens, towards the fea coaft, where the ground is arable, and produces good harvests of oats and barley, fufficient for the natives, and yielding a furplus for exportation. Caithness is well watered with fmall rivers, brooks, lakes, and fountains, and affords a few woods of birch, but is in general bare of trees; and even thofe the inhabitants plant are ftunted in their growth. Lead is found at Dunnet, copper at Old Urk, and iron ore at feveral places; but thefe advantages are not improved. The air of Caithness is temperate, though in the latitude of 580, where the longest day in fummer is computed at 18 hours; and when the fun fets, he makes

fo