Might 667 Fran Klui St. DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE BIBLICAL, DOCTRINAL, HISTORICAL, AND PRACTICAL. EDITED BY REV. SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, M.A. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: REV. TALBOT WILSON CHAMBERS, D.D., LL.D., Of the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, New York City. AND REV. FRANK HUGH FOSTER, PH.D., NEW YORK: THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE COMPANY. 1889. -584 CONCISE DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE. SYSTEM OF PRONUNCIATION.-The acute accent (") denotes the accented syllable; the grave accent (`) over a, e, and i denotes that those vowels are pronounced like a in "far," e in "they," and i inmachine," respectively. The Roman letters in parenthesis immediately after the name give either the pronunciation of the corre sponding portion of the name or of the entire name; italics give the translation. Platonic and Neo-Platonic views upon love, Rome, 1535. It enjoyed great popularity, and was translated into French, Spanish, Latin, and Hebrew. Aachen (pronounced Ar-ken; Latin, Aquis-, granum; French, Aix-la-Chapelle), in Rhenish Prussia, 40 m. w.s.w. of Cologne. It was a Roman city, favorite abode of Charles the Great, and the crowning-place of the German emperors, 803-1558. It was the seat of several important synods. 1. A.D. 789, the Apoc rypha were separated from the Church canon. The clerical discipline was revised. 2. 798, Felix of Urgel (q.v.) renounced his adoption-nation ism. 3. 801 and 803, regulations for clerics and monks passed. 4. 809, Insertion of the Filioque (q.v.) in the Nicene Creed. The Reformation got a foothold in it only after a long struggle. Aaron (enlightened), eldest son of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi, elder brother of Moses and younger brother of Miriam, and first high-priest of the Jews (Ex. vi. 20, 23; xl. 12, 13). He was Moses' spokesman (Ex. iv. 16) and efficient ally. His character was, however, weak, as his conduct showed in making the golden calf (Ex. xxxii. 4), and in joining Miriam in murmuring against Moses (Num. xii. 1), and Moses in disobedience to Jehovah's commands at Meribah (Num. xx. 8). He married Elisheba, of the tribe of Judah. Of his four sons, all priests, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, the first two were slain for offering uncommanded fire (Lev. x. 1, 2) and Eleazar succeeded him. He died on Mt. Hor, on the borders of Edom, in the presence of the people (Num. xx. 24 sqq.). A-bar-ba-nel, Isaac, Jewish financier and author; b. at Lisbon, 1437; d. at Venice, 1509. Alphonso V., of Portugal, Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, and Ferdinand I. and Alphonso II., of Naples, successively employ. ed his services. In 1503 he removed to Venice. Besides commentaries, he wrote in Hebrew The Herald of Salvation, which is an examination, in a bitter tone, of the principal Messianic prophecies, in order to refute the Christian doctrine of the Messiahship of Jesus. It was first published in 1526, and in Latin dress, Frankfort, 1711.-His son, Judah ben Isaac (commonly called Leo Hebræus), b. at Lisbon about 1460; d. probably at Ferrara about 1520; wrote in Italian the famous Dialogue on Love, which is a presentation of the Ab'-ba (Aramaic, father), in Mark xiv. 36; siastical usage, a title, first of all monks; later Rom. viii. 15; Gal. iv. 6; in Oriental ecclerestricted to bishops, patriarchs, and heads of for the last is "archimandrite" or monasteries. At present the more usual desig 66 'hegumen. Ab-ba-die (dee), Jacques (or James), D.D. (Sedan, 1680 ?), dean of Killaloe, Ireland; b. at Nay, near Pau, 1654; d. in Marylebone, London, Sept. 25, 1727. He studied at the University of Sedan, became pastor of the French Church in Berlin, 1680; of the French Church in the Savoy, London, 1689; dean of Killaloe, 1699, and produced several works which had a remarkable reputation, the best known of which is The Truth of the Christian Religion, original French, Rotterdam, 1684, 2 vols. English trans., London, 1694, 2 vols. ; 6th ed., 1711. This is a standard work on apologetics Protestant, and has been repeatedly repubin French literature, although written by a lished, reprinted, and translated into several languages. Abbat, same as ABBOT, which see. Abbé, the French term for abbot, but now commonly used as a title of courtesy in addressing those who have given themselves to the study of divinity and literature. During the 16th and subsequent centuries to the French Revolution, the title was given to young ecclesiastics, whether ordained or not. As such persons were seldom really abbots, and often not in receipt of any part of the revenue of abbeys, they employed themselves in teaching and literature, and many of them played an important part at courts and in noble houses as advisers and tutors. They wore black or dark violet clothes, the coat having a narrow collar, and their hair was arranged in a round curl over their foreheads. They were, as a class, not spiritually helpful. Abbess (abbreviation of the Latin Abbatissa). The mother superior of a nunnery; elected by a majority of the nuns, and with |