bassador of the Knights of Malta to the king elected a bishop in 1888. He has written of France (1568), and one of the most promi-Sunday-School Institutes and Normal Classes, nent figures at the French court; b. at Pro- New York, 1866, 2d ed. 1868; The Church vins, 50 m. s.e. of Paris, 1510; d. at Beauvais, School and its Officers, 1868; The Modern Sun25 m. n.e. of Orleans, Jan. 10, 1571. He is day-School, 1887. mentioned here from his connection with the

first Huguenot settlement in the New World. College, Schenectady, N. Y., 1868), PresbyteVincent, Marvin Richardson, D.D. (Union He set out from Havre in 1555 for Brazil, to rian; b. at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Sept. 11, found a colony which, under the auspices of 1834; graduated at Columbia College, 1854; Calvin, Coligny, etc., should be a place of became professor of Latin in Troy University, refuge for the Reformed faith. A settlement was made on the island of Coligny, where N. Y., 1858; pastor of First Presbyterian now Rio Janeiro stands, but in 1557 the foun- Church, Troy, 1863; of the Church of the der turned round, declared his Roman Catholic Covenant, New York, 1873, and was then apviews, and put to death several of the Protes-pointed professor of New Testament exegesis in Union Theological Seminary, New York. tants (1558). In 1559 Villegaignon returned Besides several volumes of sermons he has to France. The colonists in 1560 were conNew York, vol. i., 1887, vol. ii., 1889, vol. iii., published Word Studies in the New Testament,

quered by the Portuguese, and few escaped with their lives. (See Jean de Léry, Histoire d'un voyage en Brésil, Geneva, 1578, n. e. Paris, 1879, 2 vols., and T. E. V. Smith in Proceedings of the American Society of Church History, vol. iii., 1890.)

Vilmar, August Friedrich Christian, b. at Solz, in Hesse, Nov. 21, 1800; d. at Marburg, July 30, 1868; was appointed professor of theology at Marburg in 1855, and shortly after a member of the Consistory of Cassel. In these positions he proved himself one of the high-handed and arbitrary representatives of the religious reaction. But he was by no means without talent. (See his Die Theologie der Thatsachen wider die Theologie der Rhetorik, 1854, 4th ed., 1876, and his history of German literature, Marburg, 1845, 13th ed. 1870.) His life was written by Leimbach,

Hanover, 1875, and Grau, Gütersloh, 1879.

1890.

Vinet (vee-na), Alexandre Rodolphe, D.D. (Basel, 1837; Berlin, 1846), b. at Ouchy, near Lausanne, Switzerland, June 17, 1797; d. at

Clarens, on Lake Geneva, May 4, 1847; was and literature at Basel, 1817-37, and then propreacher and professor of the French language fessor of theology at Lausanne; always active for the separation between church and state, and the establishment of true religious liberty. Of his works, the following have been translated into English: Latitude Recommended to the Christian Minister, London, 1841; On the Profession of Personal Religious Confession and the Separation of Church and State, 1843: Christian Philosophy, 1846; Vital Cristianity, 1846; Pastoral Theology, 1852; Homiletics, 1853; Evangelical Meditations, 1858; Studies on Pascal, 1859; Outlines of Philtheosophy, 1865; Outlines of Theology, 1865. His life was written by Scherer, Paris, 1853; Rambert, 1875; E. de Pressensé et Henri Lutteroth, 1890, and Laura M. Lane, Edinburgh, 1890.

Vincent of Beauvais (Bellovarensis, Speculator), a Dominican monk who taught in the monastery of Beauvais in the first half of the 13th century; wrote Speculum majus in three parts: naturale, doctrinale, historiale, a work which is of great interest not only in church history, but also in history in general. It was first printed at Strassburg, 1473.

Vincent of Lerins, a monk of Lerinum (see LERINS ISLES), wrote in 434 his Commoni torium, which is a calm and clear exposition of the semi-Pelagianism at that time prevail. ing in the southern part of Gaul. It was edited by Baluze and often later; several Eng. trans., e.g., London, 1879, and with the Latin text, Oxford, 1886.

Vincent de Paul. See PAUL, VINCENT DE. Vincent of Saragossa suffered martyrdom under Diocletian about 303. His passio in Act. Sanct., Jan. 12, is one of the oldest extant, nearly contemporary with the event.

Vincent, John Heyl, S.T.D. (Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, O., 1870), LL.D. (Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa., 1885), Methodist; b. at Tuscaloosa, Ala., Feb. 23, 1832; studied in Newark Wesleyan Institute; held various pastoral charges, and became in 1868 corresponding secretary of the Sunday-school Union of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1874 superintendent of instruction at Chautauqua, and in 1884 chancellor of Chautauqua University. He was

Vinton, Francis, S. T.D. (Columbia College, 1848), D.C.L. (William and Mary, 1869), Episcopalian; b. at Providence, R. I., Aug. 29. 1809; d. in Brooklyn. L. I., Sept. 29, 1872; was educated at West Point; admitted to the bar in 1834; left the army and entered York in 1836; was ordained a priest in 1839; the General Theological Seminary of New was pastor of Trinity Church, New York, 1855-72, and professor of ecclesiastical law and polity in the General Seminary since 1869, and published, besides other works, Manual Commentary on the General Canon Law of the Episcopal Church in the United States, 1870.

Vishnu. See INDIA, RELIGIONS OF, p. 405. Viret (ve-rā), Pierre, b. at Orbe, Vaud, Switzerland, May 4, 1511; d. at Orthez, Navarre, April 4, 1571; studied theology in Paris, but embraced the Reformation; was ordained by Farel in 1531; worked for the establishment of the Reformation in Switzerland for thirty years, then for a few years at Nimes and Lyons, and settled finally at Orthez. He was a very prolific writer.

Visitants or Nuns of the Visitation, formed originally, as founded in 1610, at Annecy by St. Francis of Sales and Madame de Chan

tal, not strictly a monastic order, but only a congregation, whose purpose was to visit the sick and the poor, and to educate and instruct young girls. In 1618, however, it was found expedient to change the organization into that of a regular monastic order and adopt the rules of Augustine, and in this form the order was confirmed by Urban VIII. in 1626. It spread rapidly through Switzerland, Italy, and France, and did good service as a means of education and instruction.

Vitalianus, pope 657-72, was a native of Campania. He summoned Archbishop Maurus of Ravenna to appear in Rome before the papal tribunal, and when Maurus declined to obey, he was excommunicated. But then the archbishop turned round and excommunicated the pope, and Vitalianus had no means to vindicate the papal authority.

VOLTAIRE

and for many years the master spirit of the Dutch Church, but not only his polemical, also his dogmatical works have long ago ceased to have any but an historical interest.

Volney, Constantin François Chasseboeuf, Comte de, b. at Craon, Feb. 3, 1757; d. in Paris, April 25, 1820. He made an exhe wrote up in his famous Voyage en Syrie et tensive and eventful tour in the East, which en Egypte, Paris, 1787, 2 vols., Eng. trans., Travels through Syria and Egypt in 1783, 1784, and 1785, London, 1787, 2 vols. From this book he published an extract under the title Les Ruines, Paris, 1791, Eng. trans., The Ruins: or, A Survey of the Revolutions of Empires, London, 1792 (?), 2 parts, n.e., 1878, which is an infidel classic. (See his anonymous life, London, 2d ed., 1840.)

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, b. in Paris, Nov. 24, 1694; d. there, May 30, 1778. As a young man he made a forced stay of three years, 1726-29, in London, and with him begins that invasion of English ideas which characterized French civilization during the latter part of the 18th century. Later on he lived for many years, 1734-49, in the house of Madame Châtelet at Circy, and three years, 1750-53, at the court of Friedrich the Great. The last part of his life he spent at

Vitalis, Ordericus, b. at Attengesham, near Shrewsbury, England, Feb. 16, 1075; descended from a French family; was in 1086 sent to Normandy; became monk in the monastery of St. Evroul, and wrote a Historia Ecclesiastica from the creation to 1142. The book, which is very important both for Normandy and England, was first edited by Duchesne in his Hist. Norm. Script., Paris, 1619; best by A. le Prevost, Paris, 1838-55, 5 vols., and translated into English by Forester, Lon-Ferney, in the county of Gex, where he don, 1853-56, 4 vols.

Vitringa, Campegius, b. at Leeuwarden, Holland, May 16, 1659; d. at Franeker, March 31, 1722; was appointed professor of theology at Franeker in 1683, and published Comment. in Isaiam, Leeuwarden, 1714-20, 2 vols., which is still recognized as a work of

great value.

Vitus, St., a Sicilian boy who suffered tyrdom under Diocletian. He is the patron saint of actors and dancers, and, for some reason unknown, his name has always been connected with dancing. In the 17th century arose among the peasants of Southern Germany the superstition that one could ensure good health for one year to come by presenting gifts to his image and dancing the whole day and night before it on his festival, June 15; and consequently his chapels at Ulm and Ravensberg were filled that day with fanatic dancers. But long before that time his name had been connected with a peculiar nervous disease, caused by hysteria, and called Chorea St. Viti, St. Vitus's Dance, etc.

bought a great estate and lived in grand style. His attempts at diplomacy, 1718-19, in Holland, and 1750-53 at Potsdam, covered But in literature, as a him with ridicule. poet, historian, and philosopher, he achieved a fame even beyond that of Erasmus in the 16th century, and never equalled since. As a landlord, neighbor, friend, and citizen in general, he also commands respect. The Swiss mar-watch-making industry, at one time an important item in the household of the people, owed a good deal of its success to his energy and practical sense, and for his tenants he built not only a theatre, but also a church. What interest, however, he may have in church history is due to his philosophy. As a philosopher he represents the deism or atheism of his time in its most superficial form, often on the very verge of blasphemy. So far as his criticism and sarcasms were directed against the Roman Catholic Church, such as it revealed itself just then in France, with the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the judicial murder of Calas on the one side, and on the other its abbés galants writing the Paris salons, he was not so very far from the Encyclopedie and dancing attendance upon right; there are occasions at which his écrasez 'infame actually has the ring of a cry for justice. But even the best he did, his Traite sur la Tolérance, for instance, shows plainly enough that his views, acceptable though they be, did not spring from an elevated idea of indifference, and the mark he left upon French liberty, but were simply based upon religious intellect has, beside its clearness, precision, simplicity, and other admirable qualities, also an element of levity and superciliousness, which is altogether too dear as a joke and altogether too cheap when taken seriously. There is an excellent life of him by James

Vives, Juan Ludovico de, b. at Valencia, Spain, March, 1492; d. at Bruges, Flanders, May 6, 1540; studied theology and philosophy in Paris; lectured at Louvain and Oxford, and finally settled at Bruges. He was a de cided adversary of scholasticism, and leaned conspicuously toward the Reformation. His complete works appeared at Valencia, 1782, 8 vols. quarto. His life was written in Dutch by W. Francken, Rotterdam, 1853.

Voetius (foo'-e-tius), Gysbertus, b. at Heusden, Holland, March 3, 1588; d. at Utrecht, Nov. 1, 1676; was appointed professor of theology at Utrecht in 1634. He was a pupil of Gomorrus, a bitter enemy of Arminianism,

pel required, and hence these works of supererogation could be sold to others. See INDULGENCES. Vows are now unnecessary, just so far as the Christian intelligently understands his profession, which includes all VOWS. For with the profession of Christ a man consecrates himself, his family, and his property unto God. He separates himself from sin, renouncing the world, the flesh, and the devil. He regards every evil as under the divine anathema, and therefore utterly devoted to destruction. Hence, special vows of consecration, or pledges of abstinence from certain dangers, or vows of hostility to certain evils are unnecessary to the thoroughly intelligent and sincere professor of religion. But believers represent every grade of intelligence and faith, and vows may be useful to certain classes. It is also the privilege of the strong to bear the infirmities of the weak, and the association of the strong with the weak in special vows may be the fulfilling of the law

of love.

E. T. CORWIN.

Vulgate. See BIBLE, p. 104.

W.

Wace, Henry, D.D. (Oxford, 1883; Edinburgh, 1882), Church of England; b. in London, Dec. 10, 1836; was educated at Oxford, and ordained priest, 1862; professor of ecclesiastical history in King's College, 1875, and its principal since 1883. He wrote Christianity and Morality (Boyle Lectures), London, 1876, 7th ed., 1886; The Foundation of Faith (Bampton Lectures), 1880, 2d ed., 1881; The Gospel and its Witnesses, 1883, 2d ed., 1884; Some Central Points of Our Lord's Ministry, 1890. He was joint editor with Dr. William Smith of the Dictionary of Christian Biog raphy to Charlemagne, 1880-86, 4 vols.; with Dr. Schaff of second series of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Library, New York, Christian Literature Company, and Oxford, Parker, 1890 sqq.; and alone of the Bible (Speaker's) Commentary on the Apocrypha, London, 1886,

2 vols.

WAKE

b. at Waterford, Ireland, Oct. 16, 1588; d. at
Rome. Nov. 18, 1657. He was taken to Spain
in childhood; studied at Lisbon; entered the
order of Cordeliers, 1604; became professor
of theology at Salamanca; went to Rome,
1618, with the bishop of Cartagena; received
a chair of divinity there; founded the Irish
college of St. Isidore, 1625, and was its prin-
cipal till death; procurator of his order, 1630-
34, and vice-commissary, 1645–48.
vored Jansenism till it was condemned by the
pope, in 1653. His chief work, a history of
the Franciscans, Annales ordinis Minorum,
Lyons and Rome, 1625–54, 8 vols., extends to
1540; it was continued by De Luca, Ancona,
Asculano, and De Correto (vol. xxi. to 1584,
1844).
F. M. B.

He fa

Wafer, the form in which the bread is preeucharist. Its use began in the 11th century. pared by Romanists and Lutherans for the It is composed of unleavened bread, and in the Roman Church bears upon it the form of the Saviour or the letters I. H. S. F. H. F.

Wagenseil, Johann Christoph, b. at Nuremberg, No7. 26, 1633; d. at Altdorf, Oct. 9, 1705; was appointed professor at the latter place in 1667, and published Sota, Altdorf, 1674, a Latin translation of the Mishna tractate on the treatment of an adulterous wife, and Tela Ignea Satana, 1681, a translation into Latin of some Jewish writings against the Christians.

Wahhabees. See p. 601.

Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew, D.D. (Union College, 1823; Harvard, 1835), D.C.L. (Oxford, 1852), Episcopalian; b. at Liverpool, England, Feb. 24, 1792; d. in New York, Sept. 21, 1854; was graduated at HarWackernagel, Karl Eduard Philipp, b. at Berlin, June 28, 1800; d. at Dresden, June vard, 1812; ordained priest, 1816; was suc20, 1877; acquired a great name by his hym-cessively rector at Hartford, Boston, and New nological publications, Das deutsche Kirchen-York, and consecrated provisional bishop of New York, 1852. He published sermons, lied von Luther bis Herman, Stuttgart, 1841; His controversy with Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ältesten Zeit travels, articles, etc. bis d. 17. Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1862-77, 5 of New York City, caused by his saying, Rev. Dr. George Potts, a Presbyterian divine vols., etc.

Waddel, James, D.D. (Dickinson, 1792), Presbyterian; b. at Newry. Ireland, July, 1739; d. at Hopewell, Louisa County, Va.. Sept. 17, 1805. He was brought to Pennsylvania in infancy; held rural charges in Virginia; lost his sight, 1785, and became famous as the "blind preacher," and is sketched in William Wirt's British Spy. All his manuscripts were burned by his order. His daughter married Dr. Archibald Alexander. F. M. B.

Wadding, Luke, Roman Catholic historian;

'There is no church where there is no bishop," attracted much attention. It was published under title No Church without a Bishop, New York, 1845.