certain of its own public revenues shall be supervised or administered by officials of other States, or that their citizens, being within its borders, shall be legally amenable only to the orders of tribunals maintained by these other States, which tribunals may, according to the understanding entered into, apply in such cases the local law or that of their own countries.

It does not need to be said that only imperative necessity disposes a State to grant to other States the right to exercise jurisdictional powers within its own territory, and that that State is justified in seeking at the first opportunity to obtain from other States a release from the concessions which it has made. It would seem, also, but an act of international amity and good will that those States should yield to this legitimate desire as soon as, in their judgment, objective circumstances reasonably justify their doing so. In other words, their own selfish interests or desire for authority does not justify them in retaining these jurisdictional powers in another State which is their technical equal as a member of the Family of Nations, when the conditions which originally led to their concession no longer exist.

Territorial Integrity. To the term "Territorial Integrity" two meanings may properly be given.

(1) In the first place it means that, without its consent, no portion of the territory belonging or subject to the jurisdiction of a sovereign and internationally independent State, may justly be taken from it by other States. This consent may be voluntarily given by the State, as, for example, when it cedes by

way of sale or exchange, or for any other reason deemed good and sufficient, a portion of its soil to another State, or recognizes the political independence of any of its colonies or dependencies or of its own local subdivisions; or the consent may be wrung from it at the conclusion of an unsuccessful war.

(2) In the second place" Territorial Integrity has reference to the fact of the exclusiveness of political jurisdiction which a State has over its own territory. As thus used, the " Territorial Integrity " of a State is violated whenever, without its consent, any foreign Power exercises jurisdiction within its borders, or when, what amounts to the same thing, it gives official support to the refusal of its nationals to obey the laws of the local sovereign.

Thus, in this sense of the term, in the case of China, her" Territorial Integrity" is violated by the maintenance, without her consent, of foreign troops upon her soil; by the establishment and operation within her borders of foreign post-offices; by the erection and operation of wireless stations; by the refusal of a foreign Government to permit postal parcels entering China to be examined by the Chinese customs officials; or, by the practice of certain Legations at Peking in granting asylum to fugitives from Chinese justice.

Due respect to China's territorial integrity is not paid by other nations which seek to exercise a political influence or to claim without treaty right preferential or monopolistic economic interests within specified geographical areas of her territory, for such a claim necessarily impairs the supreme and exclusive

authority of China within such areas, or limits her freedom to develop them economically and industrially according to her own judgment in specified cases as they arise. Thus the claims of various of the Treaty Powers to " Spheres of Interest " and " Special Interests" in China are, and have been recognized to be, in derogation of China's Territorial Integrity. That this is so has been repeatedly declared by Great Britain and the United States in their communications with regard to the Open Door, and especially with reference to the efforts made by Japan to have Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia excepted from the operations of the new Consortium.

The Territorial Integrity of a State is limited, even if not violated, when it is compelled to lease portions of its area to other Powers, or to grant to them any other form of extraterritorial jurisdiction. Thus, in the case of China, the existence of the leased areas of Weihaiwei, Liaotung Peninsula, Kowloon, and Kwangchouwan; the municipal "Settlements" at Shanghai and the "Concessions" at other of her cities; and the extraterritorial rights enjoyed by foreigners throughout her limits, are all limitations upon her Territorial Integrity.2

'In his note of July 3, 1900, to the Powers, Secretary Hay referred to the policy of the United States as one to preserve Chinese territorial and administrative "Entity." It would not appear, however, that it was intended that the word should have any other effect than would have followed from the use of the term “integrity." It is probable that Secretary Hay used the word entity because of some special feeling held by him that, under the given circumstances, it was, as a matter of verbal nicety, the appropriate term to use. As to this see the article by J. B. Moore, "Hay's Work in Diplomacy," in the American Review of Reviews, August, 1905.

Administrative Integrity. The terms "administration " and "administrative " have, in political science, two distinct meanings. In the one, which is restrictive, they relate to the operations of the executive branch of a government; in the other, they refer generally to all the operations of a government, that is, to the actual conduct of the affairs of all of its departments-legislative, judicial, and executive.

It is quite clear that, as used in the Agenda for the Washington Conference, the term Administrative Integrity had reference to all the operations of the Chinese Government. This had been the meaning many times attached to it by the Powers in their communications with each other with reference to China and, therefore, it was understood that this was the idea of the American Government when it employed the term in its Agenda for the Conference.

This being established, it is clear that any restraint placed upon the Government of China in the exercise of its sovereign powers would be treated as pro tanto an impairment of its Administrative Integrity. The restraints based upon treaty or other agreements which China had made, were to be regarded as limitations; those having no contractual basis, as violations of this Integrity.

With reference to its executive operations or administrative powers within the narrower sense of the word, China's Administrative Integrity is impaired when one of its services, as, for example, its maritime customs or its salt tax, is under foreign control or supervision. With regard to its legislative functions, China's Administrative Integrity is im

paired when she is not permitted to determine her policies, fiscal or of other character, according to her own judgment as to what her interests require. Thus, in so far as China is not permitted to fix the rates of her maritime customs, or to vary these rates according to the commodities to which they apply, her Administrative Integrity upon its legislative side, is seriously limited. So, also, the existence of foreign "Settlements" and "Concessions" in various of her Treaty Ports, operate as a limitation upon her local administrative powers. Furthermore, the whole system of extraterritorial jurisdiction is in derogation of her exclusive right as the local sovereign to administer justice.

It is thus seen that the concepts of Territorial Integrity and Administrative Integrity are so closely related that, in very many cases, a violation or limitation of the one is almost necessarily a violation or limitation of the other. It was therefore almost unavoidable that, in the proceedings of the Conference, the two subjects of Territorial Integrity and Administrative Integrity should be treated as a single indivisible topic.

The matters which the Chinese Delegation brought forward under these two heads were the following: Tariff Autonomy, Extraterritoriality, Leased Areas, Spheres of Interest, Foreign Troops, Police Boxes, Postal Services, Electrical Communications upon her soil, and the Agreements and Notes of May 25, 1915.

'Under this title was of course included municipal concessions and settlements which would be expected automatically to disappear with the abrogation of extraterritorial rights in China.