VI. CHA P. few perfons being fun-ftruck in Africa, and these owed it to their own imprudence*. But I am informed this miffortune, called by the French coup de foleil, is not uncommon in the Southern States of America. In the afternoon, I experienced the benefit of putting on a flannel shirt; for, after the pores have been opened by the heat of the day, the body ought to be carefully guarded against the damps and dews of the evening and night. Cold bath recommended. 89. After what has been faid, I need not dwell on the neceffity of unseasoned Europeans avoiding exposure to the rains in the wet season, and keeping the feet dry and warm at all times. When a perfon unluckily gets wet, he should change his cloaths immediately; or, if that cannot be done, keep up the perspiration by continued exercise. Rubbing the body with rum or other spirits, is a good precaution, after getting wet. 90. The cold bath is an excellent preservative of health, particularly in hot climates, the relaxing effects of which it tends greatly to counteract. It removes the fordes from the skin, leaves the pores open and free, and braces and invigorates the whole constitution. It is not, however, to be plunged into by all perfons indiscriminately. Those who are plethoric or feverish, or whose lungs are diseased, ought to abstain from it. Yet it is feldomer improper in hot than in cold climates; and in Africa, I have known many benefited, but not one hurt by it. But let those who feel any indisposition take advice before they use it, which I the rather admonish them to do, as this is almoft the only instance in which I have ventured to step out of the precincts of com *M. Adanfon was fun-ftruck, by expofing himself without his hat in the extreme heat of the day, and in the hottest season of the year, at Senegal. mon VI. mon observation into those of the faculty.—The best time CHA P. of the day for cold bathing is the morning. All the purposes of it are answered by a single immerfion. The body ought to be immediately dried, and exercise used, for which it is an excellent preparative. 91. The laft fpecific direction which I fhall offer is, to keep up the spirits, and to use every temperate mean to banish anxiety and melancholy. For this purpose, I can recommend nothing better than keeping the mind constantly occupied with fome pursuit, either of business or recreation. Where business cannot be pursued as a recreation, I have no fcruple to mention innocent games, even to a young colony. Playing at cards, draughts, chefs, and above all billiards, for fuch trifling flakes as would agreeably engage the attention, might fill up a leisure hour with very good effects on the health. Those who have a taste for reading, writing letters, keeping diaries, natural history, gardening, drawing, or mufic, poffefs ample resources against that listlefs ennui which preys on the spirits of the idle and the tastelefs. For want of a relish for such elegant, innocent, and improving studies, officers of the army, when cantoned in places where there were no public amusements, have fometimes been betrayed into deep gaming, drinking and other pernicious exceffes. It requires but a flight knowledge of human nature to fee, that the mind, as well as the fluids, must be kept in conftant circulation, and that every method should be used to keep up a gentle flow of spirits. This direction, experience has taught me to believe, to be of the last importance to health, particularly in hot climates. The fpirits to be kept up. 92. So important does it appear to me, that I will venture The mind to say, with due deference to the faculty, that the mental to much neglected by phænomena have not yet received that medical attention to phyficians. VI. CHA P. which they are entitled. If I be not much mistaken, there has been a little blameable neglect in this particular. I have not lived in the world without obfervation; and I know liberal phyficians will excufe me for venturing to hint, that the practice of some of their body appears to be formed upon a theory which individuals have avowed, and which, therefore, we may conclude others fecretly entertain, namely, that all the faculties of man owe their origin to causes merely material. Thefe gentlemen feem to proceed, as if their patients were composed entirely of mechanical powers and chemical properties, combined, in some unaccountable way, with a certain mysterious, but material, principle, called life. Their language, at least seems to indicate, that they confider fick men as little or nothing more than modifications of matter and motion-a fort of chymico-mechanical automata. They clear the prima via, empty the bowels, brace up the nerves, &c. relax the contracted fibres, expel wind, correct acidities, and bring about digeflions, and derivations, and revulfions of various kinds of matter. I am far from faying that these terms are improper; although I fear I may have used them improperly. I only mean to remark, that terms taken from matter and it's properties abound much more in the medical nomenclature, than fuch as relate to mind and it's operations. For aught I know, this may be neceffary and unavoidable; yet I cannot help fuspecting that the more frequent ufe of fuch terms betrays a degree of indifference to the mind, as combined with, and influencing the body, in the human system. If we except the general terms "paffions of the mind," depreffing paffions," and a few others, phyficians feldom use words that imply man to be a being, composed of a body, reafon and affections, diverfified and modified, and act 66 ing on one another, in a variety of ways. Hence most of CHA P. their prescriptions relate almost exclusively to the body. 93. There is indeed an old book, formerly of some authority in Europe, which prescribes many admirable medicines for a wounded fpirit." But our present race of physicians seem to difregard this antiquated volume, as quite foreign to modern practice. 94. Be this as it may, I believe it will be allowed that, in some diseases, the symptoms of the mind are as much to be attended to, as those of the body. I farther believe, that the exhibition of a deep tragedy, a humorous comedy, a concert of mufic, according to the mood of the patient, or any spectacle which would engage the attention and interest the paffions, without agitating them too much, would be of use in more cases than are generally imagined. 95. It has been observed that boys, girls, women, and old men, stand a transition from a cold to a hot climate, better than men in the prime of life. These laft, it is true, are more exposed to the causes of disease than girls, women, and old men; but, I believe, upon the whole, not more than boys. May not one reason of this be, that men of mature age are more thoughtful than women by nature, than boys and girls, who have not yet arrived at the season for anxious reflection, and than old men who have paffed beyond it? Yet I am not sure that the answer to this query would be in the affirmative. For it feems to be certain that perfons of a flender habit are generally more healthy in hot climates than those who are inclined to corpulency; though it is commonly thought, that the minds of the latter are more placid and tranquil than those of the former. It is alfo observed, that men above forty ftand the climate of Africa better than those who have not reached that age. VI. Children, der perfons, and men a women, flen bove forty ftand the cli mate beft. CHA P. Apology to 96. I should tremble for the incursion I have made into the domains of the faculty, did I not believe that liberal the faculty. phyficians will pardon a few good natured remarks, made with a view to awaken their attention to the influence of mind in very many difeafes, where a proper attention to the powerful causes, lodged in it, might have the most beneficial confequences. Utility of thefe hints. 97. To fuch physicians, I would respectfully submit the foregoing hints, which being chiefly preventive, do not, like curative prescriptions, require any great knowledge of medicine. I must confess, however, that observation and experience have rendered me not a little confident of the utility of these hints, in guarding against the effects of a fudden change of climate. By observing them, the conftitution can scarcely fail to accomodate itself to it's new fituation. And this happy confequence will be experienced fooner or later, according to the original strength or weaknefs of the ftranger's frame; the more or less manly education he may have received, or the early habits he may have formed. For the effects of the climate muft of course be different on different conftitutions. The foregoing rules are general, and the application of them must be left to the good fenfe and prudence of individuals. For my own part, although I arrived on the coaft, in the most unhealthful feafon of the year, I efcaped all the diseases of the country. This I afcribe entirely to a cautious obfervance of the preMortality at ventives above recited. During a mortality, which raged at feaped by the Senegal, while I was there, fix out of eleven failors, belonging to the vessel in which I returned to Europe, were carried off in a month; but not a fingle gentleman or officer on fhore was so much as attacked, owing no doubt, to the temperance and regularity, which their fituations enabled Senegal, e temperate. them |