90 22 This is all mere Utopia: that is, an impracticable dream. The name comes from Sir Thomas More's political romance, published in Latin in 1516, De Optimo Reipublicae Statu, deque Nova Insula Utopia. It was translated into English by Ralph Robynson in 1551, by Gilbert Burnet in 1684, and by Arthur Cayley in 1808. It is usually called Utopia simply, from the island of "Nowhere" on which More fixed his

ideal state.

92 30 As Livy tells us: See Book xxvi of his history.

939 Oliver Cromwell carried, etc.: The contrasting views of modern historians as to the success of Cromwell's policy are well illustrated by the following statements from two most excellent biographies. "Yet the great position in Europe which Cromwell's energy had gained for England impressed the imagination of his contemporaries. Cromwell's foreign policy was in part a failure, but only in part. He promoted the material welfare of his country and saved her from foreign interference in her domestic affairs. Where he sought purely national interests he succeeded, but it was impossible for him not to look beyond England." - Charles Firth, Oliver Cromwell (1900), pp. 387 and 389. "It has sometimes been said that Oliver made England respected in Europe. It would be more in accordance with truth to say that he made her feared."— S. R. Gardiner, Oliver Cromwell (1901), p. 318.

93 18 One worthless Man, etc.: I have not been able to trace this quotation to its source.

947 Things ill begun, etc.: Macbeth, III, ii, 55. Macbeth says:

Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill.

94 19 Put himself on his country: that is, appeal to the country in a general election.

959 As Augeas did: a reference to the labor of Hercules.

961 No. XXIII is taken from Tom Jones, Book vii, chap. i. 961 The world hath been often compared to the theatre: A bibliography of this metaphor would lead one far afield. Aside from Jacques' famous speech in As You Like It, II, vii, references to it are common in Greek, Latin, and English before Shakespeare's time, so that it had become proverbial. For example, the saying is attributed to Pythagoras and occurs in a Greek epigram. Petronius Arbiter has "totus mundus exerceat histrionam," and The Legend of Orpheus and Eurydice (1597) expresses the same thought. "Totus mundus agit histrionem" was the motto of the Globe Theatre. See Furness, As You Like It (Variorum ed.), for further references.

964 Thespis: the reputed father of Greek tragedy. He is said to have been the first to introduce an actor on the stage and so to have changed the choral recitation into crude drama. Horace in his Ars Poetica, 276, says that he went about in a wagon as a strolling player.

96 14 St. James's is more likely, etc. : that is, the fashionable quarter of the town than the chief playhouse, the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane.

96 18 As Aristotle calls it, an imitation: in the Poetics, passim.

976 The Greeks called them both, etc.: The Greek word for "expounder," as of dreams, πокрiтns, was also used of players and in a metaphorical sense of dissemblers, whence our "hypocrite."

97 10 Life's a poor player: Macbeth, V, v, 24–26. Macbeth speaks: Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more.

97 15 The Deity: This is a reference to the Deity, a Poem, [by Samuel Boyse], published in 1739. The author (1708-1749) was the son of a dissenting minister and was educated at the University of Glasgow. In spite of excellent introductions to the world of letters he had neither steadiness nor application, and he lived a life of misery in London. The Deity, his best known poem, was inspired by Pope's Essay on Man. Fielding's praise of it may well have been prompted by his knowledge of Boyse's poverty.

989 After the paragraph ending "at the Theatre Royal" five short paragraphs are omitted.

98 19 Garrick: See No. IX, note to p. 32, 1. 20. According to the best accounts Garrick was no less excellent in comedy than in tragedy. Mrs. Clive, the actress, is said to have exclaimed in an angry mood, "D-n him, he could act a gridiron." Compare Partridge's sneer, Tom Jones, Book xvi, chap. v.

98 22 Scipio the Great and Lælius the Wise: P. Cornelius Scipio Emilianus Africanus Minor was the adopted son of the great conqueror's elder son. He was both a learned man and a successful general. His friendship with Gaius Lælius Sapiens, a statesman and patron of literature, was celebrated by Cicero in Laelius (de Amicitia). Horace couples their names in Satires, ii, i, 65–74.

995 The famous nil admirari: Horace, Epistles, i, vi, 1.

99 14 Mr. William Mills (?-1750): the son of John Mills, the great actor who died in 1736, whence he was known as "the younger

Mills." He does not seem to have inherited his father's talent, though his Julius Cæsar is praised by Davies, Dramatic Miscellanies.

99 24 No. XXIV is taken from Joseph Andrews, Book iii, chap. vi. After parting with Mr. Wilson, Parson Adams, Fanny, and Joseph Andrews are taking their midday meal in a "kind of natural amphitheatre" where "the soil was spread with a verdure which no paint could imitate." There Joseph launches on the discourse that forms the subject of this selection. The first part of the chapter only is here reprinted.

100 15 Laceman: one who manufactures or deals in lace.

100 22 Ammyconni: Jacopo Amigoni or Amiconi (1675-1752) was a painter of superficial brilliancy who had great vogue in England about this time. He was born at Venice but lived much of his life in Germany, England, and Spain. He died at Madrid as court painter, but he has been long forgotten.

100 22 Paul Varnish: Paolo Veronese (1528-1588) was born at Verona but lived most of his life at Venice, where his work can best be seen. 100 23 Hannibal Scratchi: Annibale Carracci (1560-1609) was born at Bologna, where with his brother and cousin he founded a school of painting which had a lasting but not altogether good influence on Italian art. He died in Rome.

100 23 Hogarthi: William Hogarth. See No. IV, note to p. 12, 1. 31. 101 16 A man that lived at a place called Ross: John Kyrle (16371724) was educated at Oxford and entered at the Middle Temple, but after leaving the university retired to his estates at Ross, on the Wye, where he lived all his days a severely simple and very useful life. His philanthropic deeds on a comparatively small income brought him more than local fame, which was greatly increased by Pope, who celebrated him in his Moral Essays, Epistle iii, To Allen, Lord Bathurst, as “the Man of Ross." From that time (1732) his real name was well-nigh forgotten. Pope's lines (249-274 in Elwin-Courthope ed.) begin :

But all our praises why should Lords engross?

Rise, honest Muse! and sing the Man of Ross.

101 17 Another at the Bath: Ralph Allen. See No. II, note to p. 5, 1. 18. The "stately house" was Prior Park, near Bath.

1021 This extract (No. XXV) includes only part of Book ii, chap. xiii of Joseph Andrews, from which it is taken.

102 14 Person of fashion: Fielding has put the cart before the horse. See New Eng. Dict., "fashion sb. 12. (Man, woman) of fashion." It is

shown that the phrase meant first "of high quality or breeding" and gradually merged into the current use: That moves in upper-class society, and conforms to its rules with regard to dress," etc.

102 20 Correspondence: intercourse, communication; now obsolete in this sense, except of communication by letters, but common in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

102 25 His Majesty's Bear-garden. The bear garden at Hockley Hole was a popular place of resort in the eighteenth century, though neither the entertainment (bull baiting as well as bear baiting, etc.) nor the company was very worshipful. See Spectator, No. 141, where Steele refers to the devotees of such sport as showing "no characteristic of the human species but risibility."

102 29 Exalt themselves at church: either a reference to the choir stalls, where those of high rank had seats, as in St. James's Church, or to structures of a different type with galleries.

1039 Mrs. Slipslop: Lady Booby's maid in Joseph Andrews.

104 5 No. XXVI is taken from Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, July 21, 1754.

105 Every man who hath three hundred pounds per annum: This statement scarcely conforms to English usage at any time. Before the Norman conquest, to be sure, every freeman was required to attend the folk moot but not the witenagemot. The property qualification of £300 per annum did not appear till 1710, when that sum was fixed as the income necessary for the representative of a borough or town. It did not imply, however, that a reluctant citizen could be forced to represent a constituency. See Medley, Eng. Const. Hist., p. 181.

105 15 Sheriff in particular: The office of hereditary sheriff was not abolished till 1784.

106 Last vagrant act: a reference to the act of 1744 (17 Geo. II, c. 5), which dealt, among other offenders, with "all persons who, not having wherewith to maintain themselves, live idly without employment and refuse to work for the usual and common wages given to other labourers on the like work, in the parishes or places where they then are." The poor laws of England, based on modifications of the vicious act of 1601, were not effectually bettered till 1834. Fielding, it will be remembered, had printed in 1753 Proposals for Making an Effectual Provision for the Poor.

106 11 Spunges and raps: gets by mean sycophancy or stealing. Spunges is Fielding's usual orthography for sponges, while rap in this sense is now obsolete.

1071 No. XXVII is taken from Covent-Garden Journal, June 20, 1752, No. 49. The motto here is from the beginning of iii, i, of Horace's Odes.

107 3 In a former paper: Covent-Garden Journal, No. 47, June 13, 1752, a week before the present essay appeared.

1079 The people or mob in old Rome: This reference implies a confusion in Fielding's mind between the veto power exercised by the tribune of the plebs over decrees of the senate and the right of making leges held by the assembly of the people.

107 12 In the case of the gin-act: In 1736 an act was passed to curtail the sale of spirituous liquors, especially gin, by the imposition of heavy taxes. Riots followed. See the excellent account in Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, I, 517 ff.

107 27 Læsae mobilitatis: a play on laesae majestatis, lèse majesté. 108 16 Cardinal de Retz: Jean François Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz (1613-1679), was a distinguished clerical statesman, opponent of Mazarin, and archbishop of Paris. After a stormy career he settled down in Lorraine and wrote his Mémoires, to which Fielding here refers.

108 24 Assert an exclusive right to the river of Thames: In the Spectator, No. 383, Addison describes Sir Roger's trip on the Thames and gives some instances of river manners. Fielding tells of the watermen and their exactions in the Voyage to Lisbon.

109 4 The second exclusive right: There is plenty of other evidence that streets of eighteenth-century London were turbulent.

1109 That a very new : omitted.

Between that and a the word the is

110 11 Out of St. James's-Park on a Sunday evening: St. James's Park had long been the fashionable promenade, nor did it lose its popularity on account of the occurrences to which Fielding alludes. See Goldsmith's Miscellaneous Essays (1759).

110 24 That act of parliament which was made at the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's reign: By an act passed in 1601 the poor rates, established by the statutes of 1572 and 1598, were extended and strengthened. The system thus introduced was never radically changed till 1834. The essential feature of it was taxation for the benefit of the poor and disabled, but in practice these alms became a nuisance. See Prothero, Statutes and Constitutional Documents, p. 104.

1118 Hang sorrow, cast away care: I have been unable to find any such song in the collections at my disposal.