ARTICLE 7. All manner of misunderstandings and differences shall be settled by way of arbitration and not otherwise; that is, by a body of three or five persons, to be chosen by both parties, and their decision shall be binding on both parties. ARTICLE 8. All rules and regulations contained in the foregoing articles (if any there be which are not plain enough or are subject to misapprehension) shall be so understood as never to be in opposition to but always in perfect accordance with the morals, usages, principles, and regulations of the members of the second class of the Separatists' Society of Zoar. ARTICLE 9. These articles being fully and fairly understood, to their strict and faithful performance, both parties bind themselves in the most solemn manner, jointly and severally, their children, heirs, executors, administrators, and successors in office by the penal sum of fifty dollars, current money of the United States of America. ARTICLE 10. If, in consequence of the foregoing, a penalty upon any one of the parties to this agreement shall be laid, then, in case of refusal or noncompliance, the party so refusing may be prosecuted for the same before any magistrate or justice of the peace in the township, county, and State wherein the defendant may reside, and judgment shall be had agreeable to the laws of this State; and said magistrate or justice of the peace shall forthwith proceed to collect such penalty and pay it over to the party who by law is entitled to the same. In testimony whereof, both parties have hereunto set their hands and seals this 14th day of October, in the year of our Lord 1833. APPENDIX V. AN ACT to incorporate the Society of Separatists of Zoar, Tuscarawas County. SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Ohio, That Joseph M. Bimeler, John G. Grözinger, Jacob Syfang, Michael Fetters, Christopher Platz, John George Lepold, Solomon Sala, George Ackerman, Jacob Walz, Christian Hensler, John Neff, Lewis Birk, Philip Sell, George Ruof, Godfrey Kappel, Christian Weebel, Conrad Lebold, John C. Fetter, John Miller, and John Fogel, and their associates be, and they are hereby, created a body corporate and politic by the name of "The Society of Separatists of Zoar," with perpetual succession, and by their corporate name may contract and be contracted with, sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defended in all courts of law and equity in this State and elsewhere; may have a common seal, which they may break, alter, or renew at pleasure; shall be capable of holding property, real, personal, and mixed, either by purchase, gift, grant, devise, or legacy; and may sell, alien, dispose of, and convey the same; and the property and other concerns of the corporation shall be under the management and control of the trustees appointed for that purpose; and said corporation shall have power to form a constitution and adopt by-laws for its government, to prescribe the number and title of its officers, and define their several powers and duties; to prescribe the manner in which members may be admitted and dismissed, and all other powers necessary for its corporate concerns: Provided, That said constitution, by-laws, rules, and regulations be consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States and of this State: And provided also, That the clear annual income of said society shall not exceed one thousand dollars. SEC. 2. That the persons named in the first section of this act, or any three of them, may call a meeting of said society, by giving ten days' notice thereof by advertisement set up at the place of public worship in the village of Zoar, for the purpose of forming a constitution and adopting by-laws for the government of said society, and of doing such other business as may be necessary for the efficient management of said corporation. SEC. 3. That the members of said society, or such numbers of them as by such by laws shall be necessary, shall meet annually on the second Tuesday of May, at the place of holding public worship, for the purpose of electing officers of said corporation. SEC. 4. That any future legislature may amend or repeal this act, provided such amendment or repeal shall not affect the title of any real or personal estate, acquired or conveyed under its provisions, or divert the same to any other purpose than that originally intended. W. B. HUBBARD, Speaker of the House of Representatives. FEBRUARY 6, 1832. APPENDIX VI. Speaker of the Senate. AN ACT to amend the act entitled "An act to incorporate the Society of Separatists of Zoar in Tuscarawas County. SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Ohio, That so much of the second section of the act entitled "An act to incorporate the Society of Separatists of Zoar, Tuscarawas County," passed February sixth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, as limits the clear annual income of said society to one thousand dollars, be and the same is hereby repealed; and the society are hereby authorized to receive a clear annual income of any sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars. SEC. 2. That if said society, for any cause, shall not elect officers on the day specified in said act, then any five members of said society may order an election by giving at least ten days' notice by posting up printed or written notices of the time and place of holding such election in three of the most public places in the village of Zoar, one of which shall be at the place of holding public worship. SEC. 3. The fourth section of the act, to which this is an amendment, be and the same is hereby repealed. SEC. 4. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.. ELIAS F. DRAKE, Speaker of the House of Representatives. SEABURY FORD, FEBRUARY 21, 1846. Speaker of the Senate. XI-SOUTHERN ECONOMIC HISTORY: TARIFF AND PUBLIC LANDS. By JAMES CURTIS BALLAGH, Ph. D., JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. SOUTHERN ECONOMIC HISTORY: TARIFF AND PUBLIC LANDS. By JAMES CURTIS BALLAGH. Three great questions arose in the national expansion of the United States from 1789 to 1860, primarily economic in origin and bearing, that marked the diverging interests of two great sections and threatened to disrupt the Union. They were slavery, tariff, and public lands, in which latter was included the question of internal improvements. Each of these questions passed from the economic to the political sphere for like causes, and in a manner strikingly analogous. They represented, one might say, different but related phases of a great material opposition which, when expressed in politics, appeared in its most aggravated and irreconcilable form. Slavery, as first in time, and from the momentous ethical and social consequences involved, commanded so much larger a share of public attention that it alone remained, when the climax of sectionalism was reached, to figure in the popular mind as a direct issue in the war against secession. By its very conspicuousness it obscured the more indirect though powerful influence of the other two questions of tariff and territory. Temporary victories for the South in the matter of tariff legislation and in the distribution of the public lands and the proceeds of their sale tended to obliterate from general view these two factors as exciting causes of the impending dissolution in the period just immediately preceding the war, while after it the question of lands, previously involved in the territorial expansion of slavery, had lost all interest for the South. It fell with the institution of slavery. But two great problems left to the American and particularly the Southern people, the free negro and tariff reform, are legacies as well as causes of the old conditions, and have come to us in their present form as direct results of the war. As a war measure the slaves were freed, so as war measures were duties increased from the |