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or falary, will be defpifed and disregarded. The husbandman is in honour there, and even the mechanic, because their employments are useful. The people have a faying, that God Almighty is himfelf a mechanic, the greateft in the universe; and he is refpected and admired more for the variety, ingenuity, and utility of his handiworks, than for the antiquity of his family. They are pleased with the observation of a negro, and frequently mention it, that Boccarorra (meaning the white man) make de black man workee, make de horse workee, make de ox workee, make ebery ting workee; only de hog, He de hog, no workee; he eat, he drink, he walk about, he go to fleep when he please, he libb like a gentleman. According to thefe opinions of the Americans, one of them would think himself more obliged to a genealogift, who could prove for him that his ancestors and relations for ten generations had been ploughmen, fmiths, carpenters, turners, weavers, tanners, or even fhoemakers, and confequently that they were ufeful inembers of fociety; than if he could only prove that they were gentlemen, doing nothing of value, but living idly on the labour of others, mere fruges confumere nati*, and other wife good for nothing, till by their death their eftates, like the carcafe of the negro's gentleman hog, come to be cut up.

With regard to encouragements for ftrangers from government, they are really only what are derived from good laws and liberty. Strangers are welcome because there is room enough for them all, and therefore the old inhabitants are not jeaous of them; the laws protect them fuficiently,

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fo that they have no need of the patronage of great men; and every one will enjoy fecurely the profits of his industry. But if he does not bring a fortune with him, he must work and be induftrious to live. One or two years refidence give him all the rights: of a citizen; but the government does not at prefent, whatever it may have done in former times, hire people to become fetlers, by paying their paffages, giving land, negroes, utenfils, ftock, or any other kind of emolument whatsoever.

In hort, America is the land of labour, and by no means what the English call Lubberland, and the French Pays de Cocagne, where the streets are faid to be payed with half-peck loaves, the houfes tiled with pancakes, and where the fowls fly about ready roasted, crying, Come eat me!

Who then are the kind of perfons to whom an emigration to America would be advantageous? And what are the advantages they may reafonaably expect?

Land being cheap in that country from the vaft forefts ftill void of inhabitants, and not likely to be occupied in an age to come, infomuch that the property of an hundred acres of fertile foil full of wood may be obtained near the frontiers, in many places, for eight or ten guineas, hearty young labouring men, who understand the hufbandry of corn and cattle, which is nearly the fame in that country as in Europe, may eafily eftablifh themfelves there. A little money faved of the good wages they receive there while they work for others, enables them to buy the land and begin their plantation, in which they are affifted by the goodwill of their neighbours, and fome credit. Multitudes of poor people from England, Ireland, Scot

land, and Germany, have by this means în a few years become wealthy farmers, who in their own countries, where all the lands are fully occupied ard the wages of labour low, could never have emerged from the mean condition wherein they were born. From the falubrity of the air, the healthinefs of the climate, the plenty of good provifions, and the encouragement to early marriages, by the cer tainty of fubfiftence in cultivating the earth, the increase of inhabitants by natural generation is very rapid in America, and becomes ftill more fo by the acceffion of ftrangers; hence there is a continual demand for more artifans of all the neceffary and useful kinds, to fupply thofe cultivators of the earth with houfes, and with furniture and utenfils of the groffer forts, which cannot fo well be brought from Europe. Tolerably good workmen in any of those mechanic arts, are fure to find employ, and to be well paid for their work there being no reftraints preventing ftrangers from exercifing any art they underftand, nor any permiffion neceffary. If they are poor, they begin firft as fervants or journeyinen; and if they are fober, indufrious, and frugal, they foon become mafters, e. ftablish themfelves in bufinefs, marry, raife families, and become refpectable citizens.

Alfo, perions of moderate fortunes and capitals, who having a number of children to provide for, are defirous of bringing them up to industry, and to fecure eftates for their pofterity, have opportunities of doing it in America, which Europe does not afford. There they may be taught and practife profitable mechanic arts without incurring difgrace on that account; but on the contrary acquiring refpect by fuch abilities. There mall capitals laid out in lands, which daily be

come more valuable by the increase of people, afford a folid profpect of ample fortunes thereafter for thofe children. The writer of this has known feveral inttances of large tracts of land, bought on what was then the frontier of Pennfylvania, for ten pounds per hundred acres, which, after twenty years, when the fettlements had been extended far beyond them, fold readily, without any improvement made upon them, for three pounds per acre. The acre in America is the fame with the English acre, or the acre of Normandy."

Those who defire to understand the ftate of government in America, would do well to read the conftitutions of the feveral ftates, and the articles of confederation that bind the whole together for general purpofes, under the direction of one affembly, called the Congrefs. Thefe conftitutions have been printed, by order of Congress, in America; two editions of them have alfo been printed in London; and a good tranflation of them into French, has lately been publifhed at Paris.

Several of the princes of Europe having of late, from an opinion of advantage to arife by producing all commodities and manufactures within their own dominions, fo as to diminish or render useless their importations, have endeavoured to entice workmen from other countries, by high falaries, privileges, &c. Many perfons pretending to be killed in various great manufactures, imagining that America must be in want of them, and that the Congress would probably be difpofed to imitate the princes above mentioned, have proposed to go over, on condition of having their paffages paid, lands given, falaries appointed, exclufive privileges for terms of years, &c. Such perfons, on reading

the articles of confederation, will find that the Gongrefs have no power committed to them, or money put into their lands for fuch purpofes; and that if any fuch encouragement is given, it muft be by the government of fome particular ftaté. This however, has rarely been done in America; and when it has been done, it has rarely fucceeded fo as to enablifh a manufacture, which the country was not yet fo ripe for as to encourage private perfons to fet it up, labour being generally too dear there, and hands difficult to be kept together, ever ry one defiring to be a mafter, and the cheapness of land inclining many to leave trades for agricul ture. Some indeed have met with fuccefs, and are carried on to advantage; but they are generally fuch as require only a few hands, or wherein great part of the work is performed by machines. Goods that are bulky, and of fo fmall value as not well to bear the expence of freight, may often be made cheaper in that country than they can be imported; and the manufacture of fuch goods will be profitable wherever there is a fufficient demand. The farmers in Ame ica produce, indeed, a good deal of wool and flax; and none is exported, it is. all worked up; but it is in the way of domeftic manufacture, for the use of the family. The buy. ing up quantities of wool and flax, with the defign. to employ fpinners, weavers, &c. and form great eftablishments, producing quantities of linen and woolen goods for fale, has been feveral times: attempted in different provinces; but thofe projects have generally failed, goods of equal value being imported cheaper. And when the governments have been folicited to fupport fuch fchemes by in→ suragements, in money, or by impofing duties on

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