66 upon religion and politics and into personal reminiscences, we presume that we shall be doing our duty best by dwelling very slightly upon the merits of the novel as a novel, and calling attention to it chiefly as a pamphlet on the state of the Papal Government. We shall regard Garibaldi as performing a function similar to that of a Commissioner inquiring into the condition of agricultural labourers, and deal with the contents of the Rule of the Monk as we should deal with a blue-book. The following statements will, we hope, convey a tolerably accurate impression of the General's opinions about modern Rome. From The Saturday Review. GARIBALDI'S RULE OF THE MONK.* THE title and author of this book are calculated to excite a certain amount of curiosity. Most people will be amused at making acquaintance with General Garibaldi in the new character of a literary gentleman, and will be glad to hear his remarks about Rome, though it may be that they will anticipate less new light upon the Eternal City than upon the peculiarities of the General. The anonymous writer of a preface does what he can to heighten our curiosity. He is careful indeed to provide against adverse criticism by assuring us that the deficiencies of the work are due rather to the trans- Rome, as we know, is a city governed by lation than to the original "; but he adds priests. Now the General hates the "the vigour and charm of the great Liber- priesthood as a lying and mischievous instiator's Italian are such as to show that he tution," though he is ready to welcome them might have rivalled Alfieri or Manzoni, if to a nobler vocation when they have divestbe had not preferred to emulate the Gracchi ed themselves of their "malignity and bufor the Rienzi." Further, he is kind enough foonery." Meanwhile he regards them as to inform us that the narrative is "idyllic "assassins of the soul," and therefore as in the pastoral scenes, tender and poetic in more culpable than assassins of the body. the domestic passages, Metastasio-like in A priest knows himself to be an impostor, some of its episodes, and terribly earnest in unless he is a fool; and generally leads a its denunciations "; and if we were inclined life of the grossest sensuality whilst deceivto save ourselves the trouble of criticisin, ing the people into the belief that he is a we might be content to appropriate these virtuous ascetic. It is easy to imagine what words, omitting the marks of quotation, a priest must be when exalted to positions and give them as our own judgment. Of of power. Let us take, for example, Carcourse the translator ought to know best a dinal Procopio, the Pope's favourite. Prowork over which he has taken so much copio once upon a time deceived a beautiful pains, and we will therefore give the Gen-girl, lodged her in his palace till the birth eral credit for an indefinite amount of grace- of a child, and then had the child murdered, ful language, the fine essence of which has and turned the mother out upon the world unavoidably disappeared from the English in a state of insanity. This was only one version. But, inferior as translations gen- specimen of a long series of evil deeds. erally are to originals, there are some mat- Finally, by acts of the basest treachery, he ters-such, for example, as statements of gets another still more beautiful girl into fact—in which, if we assume a moderate the same sink of iniquity, and at a critical amount of fidelity, the difference between moment, when she is struggling with him the two cannot be very great. Now it is and two of his degraded myrmidons, three the peculiarity of the novel before us that it patriots, each of whom is also of exquisite is not fiction founded upon fact, but "fact beauty, incredible courage, and most unfounded upon fiction." The more we have blamable character (qualities which belong meditated upon this phrase, the less we to all Italian patriots), surprise the villains, have been able to appreciate the precise gag them, and save their victim. difference between the things opposed; but morning the Roman populace has the pleaswe take the assertion to mean, more or less, ant spectacle of the Cardinal and his two that the picture given of Roman society in minions dead and suspended by the neck the nineteenth century is substantially ac- from the windows of the palace. It is not curate. Names may be altered and facts often, however, that such condign punishslightly disguised, but the general tone of ment is inflicted upon evildoers in high the description represents faithfully what places. As a rule, they carry on their inGaribaldi sincerely believes to be true. fernal tyranny with great satisfaction to Now as the story is of the most artless kind, themselves. They have servants—generand as the General has a way of suddenly ally priests who are ready to go about digressing into explanations of his views committing murder and other atrocities on the slightest hint of their superiors. Thus, for example, a widow is left dangerously ill with a princely fortune and a small boy. • The Rule of the Monk; or, Rome in the Nineteenth Century. By General Garibaldi. London and New York: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin. Next A priest is told off to frighten her with fears of his attentions to her younger compan of hell until she has left the whole of her 66 ions. property to the Church. Unluckily she We have perhaps gone far enough to exshows symptoms of returning health. The plain the nature of the blessings enjoyed priest accordingly goes to her house, and, under the "rule of the monk." If a tenth assisted by a nun whom he has sent to her as part of the General's statements be true, a nurse, opens her mouth, pours a deadly most of the present rulers of Rome deserve fluid down her throat, and lets her head fall summary execution or imprisonment for life. heavily back on the pillows, while a com- We will not attempt to describe the admirplacent smile spreads itself over his diaboli- able race of beings who oppose their devilish cal features as, after one gasp, her jaw falls. machinations. Every Roman patriot is the The priests, moreover, have chambers of quintessence of all that is most admirable torture in their palaces, of which they know in human nature. Elaborate plots are conhow to make good use either upon patriots stantly going forwards in spite of the watchor, in case of need, upon their own wretched fulness of the police, and when the conspiservants. "Bring the girl to me," ex- rators are discovered and surrounded by claims Procopio to his menial, or the overwhelming numbers, all they have to do palace cellars shall hear thee squeak thy is to throw themselves courageously upon self-praise to the tune of the cord or the the base mercenaries, who instantaneously pincers"; and we are assured that this was disperse in panic from before a tenth of no vain threat, but that, incredible as it their number. Occasionally the patriots may appear to outsiders, tortures too hor- have to take to the woods and live with rible to describe take place daily in the certain virtuous brigands, where the “ idyllic Rome of the present day. In fact, on an- scenes "described by the translator take other occasion, a wretched sergeant who place. The Arcadian innocence of the perconnives at the escape of a patriot is reduced sons concerned may be estimated by the fact to a "shapeless mass" for this concession that the marriage ceremony in an interesting to humanity. Yet the atrocities committed case consists chiefly in an English heroine by the Cardinals seem to be nothing as com-joining the hands of the contracting parties pared to the hideous scenes which take and pronouncing them to be man and wife. place in convents. The General assures us This "solemn act of wedlock," we are asthat, having examined the convents in 1849, sured, is "none the less solemn nor bindhe found in all, without an exception, in- ing" for being so celebrated. Attacks struments of torture; and in all without an from the wretched set of cut-throats who exception, were vaults plainly dedicated to form the Papal army occasionally interrupt the reception of bones of infants." Indeed, these scenes of rural felicity, but when the a certain hero on one occasion forces his tyrants appear the chief brigand always way into a nunnery by an ingenious strata-blows a horn, and a sufficient number of gem, and compels the superior by threats of instant death to guide him to a prison in which his mistress is confined. The superior manages to give him the slip, but he descends through mysterious passages, with trap-doors and false walls, until at length, guided partly by a most offensive smell, he finds his way into a chamber of horrors. Here against the wall" hung several human We would fain hope that the stuff we beings, suspended by the neck, the waist, have been describing was not really writand the arms, all but one dead, and ten by Garibaldi, but that some hoax has inore or less decomposed. The solitary ex- been practiced upon the translator and pubception was a young man, once of a fine lisher. However, it is a fact that the book form, but now an emaciated phantom." comes out with all the external appearance The young man is fixed to the wall by mas- of authenticity, and that the circumstance sive chains, and when his deliverer looks of its bearing Garibaldi's name has been round for means of breaking them he finds enough to secure for it favourable notices nothing but horrible instruments of torture, from writers who ought to know better. which priests weakly describe as instruments Garibaldi has suffered before now from the for the mortification of the flesh." The indiscretion of his intimates, and we fear he young man is of course freed, and relates a has on this occasion been flattered into an hideous story of moral corruption, the main exhibition of weakness which will give cause point being that the superior had con- of triumph to his enemies. He was never signed him to his dungeon out of jealousy | credited with much worldly wisdom; but heroic patriots spring to all appearance out of the earth. It is a curious fact that, in spite of the most thrilling hairbreadth escapes, none of the virtuous are ever killed or seriously injured till the last chapter, when a general massacre takes place amongst the men, and the ladies go off to wait for a regenerated Italy. we could scarcely have believed, except | book almost more pitiable than absurd, but from his own mouth, that he was capable of it is not inconsistent with the possession of talking such nonsense as that which fills the certain great qualities which in times of Rule of the Monk. All that a reasonable disturbance may convert a tenth-rate novadmirer could say in defence is that it ex- elist into a formidable enemy. This strange hibits the wonderful simplicity of the Gen- mixture of absolute childishness with genueral's character. The book is like the first ine heroism would make Garibaldi a far attempt of an enthusiastic and rather clever better hero than author of a romance; and lad, after listening to a lecture on Rome perhaps, in days to come, some man of from Dr. Achilli; and the politics are those genius may create a new and striking of innocent young ladies who believe every- character from the materials provided by body who differs from them to be a black- his life and writings. hearted traitor. Such simplicity makes the EFFECTS OF MOUNTAIN CLIMBING. Some | imperfect oxygenization of the blood. The inimportant observations have been made during ternal temperature of the body was carefully the past summer on the effects of mountain taken at different heights by a thermometer climbing on the most important bodily functions. placed beneath the tongue. It was found that Dr. Marcet has published his "Observations on in ascending from Chamounix to the summit, the Temperature of the Human Body at various the temperature fell, while they were moving, altitudes in connection with the act of ascend- from 7° to 11° below the ordinary standard of ing," in the November number of the Philo- 999 Fahr., an enormous diminution for mamsophical Magazine, and M. Lordet has com- mals; but that on remaining stationary for a municated to one of the French journals a very few seconds it rose to nearly its normal amount. important memoir on the " Disturbances of Res- The influence of food is very marked, but only piration, Circulation, and of the Bodily Temper- transitory, the act of digestion raising the temature at great heights on Mont Blanc." As M. perature to its normal height for nearly half an Lordet's observations are the most elaborate of hour. This great diminution of heat may be the two, we shall confine our observations to his thus explained :-on a plain, the intensity of results. From Chamounix to the grand plateau the respiratory combustion increases propor(from 3,444 to 12,879 feet) the disturbances of tionally to the expenditure of force, the heat berespiration are little marked on experienced Al- ing transformed into mechanical force, and pine climbers, who hold down the head to di- enough heat being thus formed to compensate minish the orifice of the breathing organs and for the expenditure of force. But on great respire only through the nose and suck a peb-mountain heights, where the mechanical labour ble to keep the closed mouth moist. Up to this of the ascent is very great, the expenditure of point the respirations were nearly constant, and force consumes more heat than the organism can averaged twenty-four in a minute, but from supply when the body is cooled, and frequent hence to the top (15,776 feet) they were about halts must be made to reheat it. The rapidity thirty-six in the minute, the pectoral muscles of the circulation and the rarefaction of the feeling as if they were rigid, and the sides as air must also contribute to the cooling process. if squeezed in a vice. After two hours' rest at The mountain sickness, which attacked two of the top these inconveniences disappeared, and the party very severely, is due to the depression the breathings fell to twenty-five. It was found of the temperature, and, probably, also to the by means of an instrument called an anapho- vitiation of the blood by carbonic acid. To keep graph, that the quantity of air inspired and ex- up their heat the guides usually eat about every pired was much less than on the plain, and as two hours, but at great heights inexperienced the air was under so low a pressure the quantity climbers usually feel so great a want of appetite of oxygen given to the lungs was necessarily as to be almost incapable of swallowing food. small. Although the pace throughout the ascent was very slow, the circulation was enormously accelerated. M. Lordet's average pulse being sixty, it increased from Chamounix to the top; ascending to the heights of 80, 116, 136, and finally to 160 and more to the minute. The THE Rev. J. R. Lumby has undertaken to edit artery at the wrist felt almost empty, and the for the Early English Text Society the Angloleast pressure stopped the pulse. From 14,760 Saxon "Sermons" of Bishop Lupus. Mr. Wilfeet the superficial veins began to swell, and liam Chappell has at press the second Part of even the guides felt heaviness of the head, and the Roxburghe Ballads" for the Ballad Socipainful somnolence from venous stagnation and ety. Once a Week, Translated for Public Opinion by Rev. Dr. Maziere | Church will end with dispersion into count- less sects, to glimmer and vanish as suddenly as the ignis fatuus. The Broad THEY who upheld the Anglican Church Church will do nothing save second those Establishment in Catholic Ireland were, of efforts of the pseudo-bishop Colenso and course, manifestly wrong, inasmuch as it the writers of the Essays and Reviews," was an abuse, an iniquity, an insufferable which are demolishing all the remains of the tyranny; and the English Parliament by Catholic Church conserved, up to the presremoving it afforded satisfaction, though an ent, in Anglicanism. One of such fragincomplete one, to Irish Catholics. Yet ments of Catholicity is the semblance of those champions of heresy were logically Holy Orders. An Anglican, who received right in foreseeing and prophesying that the imposition of hands from a pseudo-prelate, abolition of the heretical Anglican Church lost, according to English laws, his lay in all the rest of the United Kingdom would character and privileges, and became infollow as an obvious consequence upon its capable of resuming afterwards the status abolition in Ireland. It is the case, indeed, of a layman. He was debarred, consethat no Bill has been laid before Parlia-quently, from attaining any of those official ment, nor any ministerial manifesto issued, positions such as seats in the House of nor even any resolution presented by members of the legislature, for effecting the abolition of the heretical State Church in England. But it is none the less true that the same Church is already falling to ruin, and is in process of demolition under the action of causes far more effectual than Acts of Parliament. Its overthrow will increase the long series of sects, heresies, and schisms which affected the form of a separate Church, but have vanished into nothingness under the advance of ages, and have become like to the end of branches severed from the tree, withered at last into ashes, to be scattered by the winds of heaven. Commons, or in muncipal corporations, which laymen only could hold. This disability moreover extended, contrary to all reason and justice, even to those converts to Catholicism who had once been married, Anglican clerics, and whom, albeit in the Catholic Church they were mere laymen, the laws of their own country compelled, despite their wishes, to remain Anglican ecclesiastics. Lively opposition has now arisen, not only against the Acts of Parliament which exclude Anglican clergymen from the House of Commons and municipal corporations, but also against the alleged indelibility conferred by these pretended Holy Orders. A The fall of the Anglican Church has been petition for the removal of those disabling prepared and expedited by many causes, laws, containing an open denial of the supbut above all by the internal divisions posed indelible character of the spurious which rend it asunder. Formerly there Anglican Orders, was lately presented to were only two great parties, which under the Premier, Mr. Gladstone. It bore the the names of High Church and Low Church signatures of 34 members of the Universiwere at war within the bosom of the Angli-ties of Oxford and Cambridge, all clergycan heresy. To these must now be added men of the Broad Church party. Many a third party, namely, the Broad Church, formed of Rationalists, who deny revelation, the sacred Book, and all supernatural religion. Under the action of these three dissolvent parties, the heterogeneous body called the Anglican Church will be precipitated into ruin, in a future, whose advent, albeit more immediate than heretics believe, yet ever seems too distant to satisfy the ardent zeal of Catholics. young men in England refuse participation in the Broad Church ministry, through fear of being unable, subsequently, to free themselves from these pretended Holy Orders. The chiefs of the Broad Church are now found protesting against the laws which impose that disability, and denying the very indelibility which they have hitherto always adduced in support of the validity of their Orders. It is well known, that although the The High Church, which in the Anglican Anglican Church may pretend to have presect preserves a great portion of Catholic served the true priesthood as it exists in dogma, which retains a hierarchy, and the Catholic Church, the inconsistency of which practices something like Catholic dis- such claims has ever been demonstrated by cipline, will finish with conversion to the irrefragable evidences, and that condemnatrue faith. Of such a conversion splendid tion was passed on those writings which in and edifying exemplars have been already the last century upheld as true and valid furnished by those great luminaries of An- the Anglican priesthood, derived from glicanism who this day are reckoned the Parker and Cranmer, whose earliest ordimost zealous among Catholics. The Low nations of heretical ministers were cele brated in a tavern, amid drunkenness and minds, and produced the most stupendous disorder. prodigies of holiness, virtue, and valour. Among the assaults which tend to de- Witness the atrocious persecutions which stroy the Anglican liturgy and discipline Christians of the first centuries endured, must be reckoned a demand lately addressed | rather than apostatize - the sanguinary by other members of the Broad Church to the pseudo-archbishops of Canterbury and and York for the suppression of the creed of St. Athanasius, or at least for the removal of those parts of it which openly condemn Broad Church Rationalism. The pseudo-archbishop of York not only listened favourably to this request of the Rationalists, but promised to be its advocate, defender, and champion, before the other pseudo-prelates. And in this way, through the instrumentality of its own chief dignitaries, seconded briskly by a band of its clergy, and a host of its laymen, the Anglican Church is rapidly hurried towards the abyss of its ruin. But the true faith is held dearer and more precious by Catholics than Anglicanism is by its votaries. It was the true faith which ever inflamed generous wars waged by Protestants in the 16th century which failed to destroy the Catholic Church- and the vanity of the efforts of modern revolutionaries to strike Catholicity from the heart of the people. In wise and brave England, however, such a decay has fallen upon heretical errors that their very advocates seem unable to retain them, and they seem on the point of vanishing without external opposition. And hence there arises a well-grounded hope that the final overthrow of Anglicanism may be near and facile, without bloodshed or harm to the erring, although with joy to the faithful, who will gladly witness the return to Catholicism of the brave people of England, who were styled in past ages the nation of saints, and may be destined, in the near future, to merit anew that glorious title. THEN; AND NOW. I stood at our cottage-door, At the flakes of falling snow. And my heart was as pure a year ago Hark to the dreary sound Of the pitiless falling rain, As it trickles adown the window-pane I strive in the bitter cold To hush my baby's cry; And I would to God that my baby and I Tinsley's Magazine. I WISH I COULD DREAM. By no stern law or freezing reason check'd; |