Miss Janet Robertson, for the cover, the design for which is based upon a wood-cut in the Ortus Sanitatis of 1491.

A book of this kind, in the preparation of which many previous works have been laid under contribution, is doubtless open to a certain criticism which William Turner, "the Father of British Botany," anticipated in the case of his own writings. I think I cannot do better than proffer my excuse in the very words of this sixteenth-century herbalist:

"For some of them will saye, seynge that I graunte that I have gathered this booke of so manye writers, that I offer unto you an heape of other mennis laboures, and nothinge of myne owne,... To whom I aunswere, that if the honye that the bees gather out of so manye floure of herbes, shrubbes, and trees, that are growing in other mennis medowes, feldes and closes: maye justelye be called the bees honye:...So maye I call it that I have learned and gathered of manye good autoures...my booke."

AGNES ARBER.

BALFOUR LABORATORY, CAMBRIDGE,

26th July, 1912.

II.

3. Medicinal Botany

THE EARLIEST PRINTED HErbals (FIFTEENTH CENTURY)

The Encyclopædia of Bartholomæus Anglicus and 'The

Book of Nature'.

I.

6

IO

II

16

18

VII.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ART OF BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATION

VIII. THE DOCTRINE of Signatures, and ASTROLOGICAL BOTANY

154

204

IX.

CONCLUSIONS

221

APPENDIX I

A Chronological List of the Principal Herbals and Related

Botanical Works published between 1470 and 1670

APPENDIX II

A List, in Alphabetical Order, of the Principal Critical and

Historical Works dealing with the Subjects discussed in

this Book.

INDEX.

227

241

247

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FRONTISPIECE

Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566) [Engraving by Speckle in De historia

stirpium, 1542]

PLATES

PLATE

Face page

I.

"Sonchos" [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa A.D.
500]. Reduced

4

II.

"Stratiotes" [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa
A.D. 500]. Reduced

8

III.

Wood-cut of Plants [Konrad von Megenberg. Das půch
der natur. 1475]. Reduced

.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

"Orbicularis" [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (The
tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary)
"Mandragora" = Mandrake [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici.
? 1484]. (The tint represents colouring, which was probably
contemporary)
Joachim Camerarius, the younger (1534-1598) [Engraving
by Bartholomæus Kilian. Probably between 1650 and
1700. Department of Prints and Drawings, British
Museum]

Charles de l'Écluse (1526—1609) [Print in the Botany School,
Cambridge].

VIII.

Mathias de l'Obel (1538-1616) [Engraving by François
Dellarame. 1615. Department of Prints and Drawings,
British Museum].

Konrad Gesner (1516-1565) [Print in the Botany School,
Cambridge].

John Parkinson (1567-1650) [Theatrum botanicum. 1640] .

114

PLATE

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603) [Drawn by G. Zocchi and
engraved by F. Allegrini, 1765, after an old portrait in
the Museum of the Botanic Garden at Pisa. Print in the
Botany School, Cambridge]
"Phasiolos" = Bean [Dioscorides.

Codex Aniciæ Julianæ.

circa A.D. 500]. Reduced . "Dracontea" [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (The tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary) XVII. Study of Aquilegia vulgaris L., Columbine [Albrecht Dürer, 1526. Drawing in the Albertina, Vienna]. Reduced XVIII. Study of Ornithogalum umbellatum L., Star of Bethlehem, and other plants [Leonardo da Vinci. 1452—1519. Drawing in the Royal Library, Windsor]. Reduced. "Crocus Byzantinus" and "Crocus Montanus hispan." [Part of a plate from Crispian de Passe. Hortus Floridus. 1614] .

XIX.

Face page

116

154

156

168

170

202

XX.

"Cervaria fœmina" [Thurneisser. Historia sive Descriptio
Plantarum. 1587]

216

XXI.

Nicholas Culpeper (1616—1654) [A Physicall Directory. 1649.
Engraving by Cross] .

218

FIGURES IN THE TEXT1

[The initial letters, which will be found at the beginning of each chapter, are taken from Pierre Belon's 'Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges,...Imprimé à Paris par Benoist Prevost.' 1553.]

TEXT-FIG.

=

1. "Plantago" Plantain [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici, ?1484]. "Artemisia" [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici, ? 1484] ·

2.

3. "Lilium" [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484]

4. "Aristolochia longa" [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484]

5. "Serpentaria" [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484] .

6. "Brionia" [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus her

barum, 1499]

7. "Acorus"= Iris [Herbarius zu Teutsch, Mainz, 1485]

8. "Leopardus" [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] .

9. "Daucus"= Carrot [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491]

10. "Passer" Sparrow [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491].

=

11. "Pavo" Peacock [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491]

12. "Arbor vel lignum vite paradisi" [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 13. "Narcissus" [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491]

14.

"Bauser vel Bausor" [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491]
15. "Panis"= Bread [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491]
16. "Ambra"=Amber [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] .

17. "Unicornus" [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491].
18. A Herbalist's Garden [Le Jardin de Santé, ? 1539] .

19. Wood-cut of Plants [Bartholomæus Anglicus, Liber de proprie

tatibus rerum, Wynkyn de Worde, ? 1495]. Reduced

20. "Yvery"-Ivory [The Grete Herball, 1529]

21. "Nenufar"=Waterlily [The Grete Herball, 1529] .

22. "Walwurtz männlin"= Symphytum, Comfrey [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. 1. 1530]. Reduced

=

23. "Helleborus Niger" - Helleborus viridis L., Green Hellebore [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. 1. 1530]. Reduced .

1 The dates refer, in each case, to the particular edition from which the figures have been copied, which is not always the first. For fuller titles and dates of first editions, see Appendix I.