GESNER,

BELON, SALVIANI, RONDELET,

AND ALDROVANDI.

ZOOLOGISTS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

Conrad Gesner-Account of his Life and Writings, preceded by Re-

marks on those of Ælian, Oppian, Albertus Magnus, Paolo Gio-

vio, and Hieronymus Bock-Pierre Belon-Hippolito Salviani

-Guillaume Rondelet-Ulysses Aldrovandi-General Remarks

on their Writings, and the State of Science at the Close of the

Sixteenth Century,................

.Page 102

JONSTON, GOEDART,

REDI, AND SWAMMERDAM.

ZOOLOGISTS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

Brief Account of the Lives and Writings of John Jonston, John

Goedart, Francis Redi, and John Swammerdam-Notice respecting

the principal Works of Swammerdam-His Birth and Education

-He studies Medicine, but addicts himself chiefly to the Exami-

nation of Insects-Goes to France, where he forms an Acquaint-

ance with Thevenot-Returns to Amsterdam, takes his Degree,

improves the Art of making Anatomical Preparations-Publishes

various Works—Destroys his Health by the Intensity of his Ap-

plication - Becomes deeply impressed with religious Ideas-

Adopts the Opinions of Antoinette Bourignon-Is tortured by

conflicting Passions-Endeavours to dispose of his Collections-

Is affected with Ague and Anasarca, and dies after protracted

Suffering-His Writings published by Boerhaave-His Classifi-

cation of Insects,.........

...118

RAY.

ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF RAY.

Birth and Parentage of Ray-He receives the Rudiments of his

Education at Braintree School-At the age of Sixteen enters at

Katherine Hall, Cambridge-Removes to Trinity College, where

he passes through various Gradations, and becomes a Fellow-

Publishes his Catalogue of Cambridge Plants, and undertakes

several Journeys-Extracts from his Itineraries-Resigns his

Fellowship-Becomes a Member of the Royal Society-Pub-

lishes his Catalogue of English Plants, &c. - Death of his

most intimate Friend, Mr Willughby-Character of that Gen-

tleman-Mr Ray undertakes the Education of his Sons, and

writes a Vocabulary for their Use-Notice of Dr Lister-Seve-

ral Works published by Mr Ray, who improves and edits

Willughby's Notes on Birds and Fishes-Continues his scientific

Labours-Remarks on the Scoter and Barnacle-Letters of Dr

Robinson and Sir Hans Sloane-Notice respecting the latter-

Publication of the Synopsis of British Plants, the Wisdom of

God manifested in the Works of Creation, &c.-Estimate of the

Number of Animals and Plants known-Synopsis of Quadrupeds

and Serpents Classification of Animals-Various Publications

-Ray's Decline-His last Letter-His Ideas of a Future State,

and of the Use of the Study of Nature-His Death, Character,

and principal Writings,............................

.Page 136

REAUMUR.

ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF REAUMUR.

Birth and Education of Reaumur-He settles at Paris, where he

is introduced to the Scientific World by the President Henault,

and becomes a Member of the Academy of Sciences-His La-

bours for the Improvement of the Arts-His Works on Natural

History, of which the Memoirs on Insects are the most import-

ant-His Occupations and Mode of Life,...............................

...Page 183

LINNEUS.

SECTION I.

BIRTH AND EDUCATION OF LINNÆUS.

Birth and Parentage of Linnæus-He is destined for the Clerical

Profession—His early Fondness for Plants-He is sent to School,

where his Progress is so slow that his Father resolves to make

him a Shoemaker-Is rescued from this Fate by Dr Rothmann,

who receives him into his Family-He becomes decidedly at-

tached to the Study of Nature, enters the University of Lund,

and is patronised by Professor Stobaeus-When on an Excursion

is attacked by a dangerous Malady-Stobæus surprises him in

his nocturnal Studies-He goes to Upsal-Is reduced to ex-

treme Poverty, from which he is relieved by Professor Celsius,

whom he assists-Is next patronised by Rudbeck, and delegated

to read his Lectures-Forms a Friendship with Artedi,.......193

SECTION II.

JOURNEY TO LAPLAND.

Linnæus, chosen by the Royal Society of Upsal to travel in Lap-

land, sets out in May 1732-Enters Lycksele Lapland-A Lap-

land Beauty-Beds made of Hair-moss-Conversation of a Cu-

rate and a Schoolmaster-The Lapland Alps-Their Vegetation

-Brief Account of the Rein-deer-Passing over the alpine Re-

gion, he enters Norway-Again visits the mountainous Region

-Difficulties of the Journey-Pearl-fishery-Forests set on Fire

by Lightning-At Lulea he discovers the Cause of an epidemic

Distemper among the Cattle-Returns through East Bothland

-Concluding Remarks,.............................

Page 204

SECTION III.

STUDIES, ADVENTURES, AND TRAVELS OF LINNÆUS, FROM

1733 TO 1738.

Linnæus returns to Upsal-Is prevented from lecturing by Rosen,

whom he attempts to assassinate-Accompanies some young

Men on an Excursion to Fahlun, where he is introduced to the

Governor of the Province, with whose Sons he travels to Nor-

way-Returning to Fahlun, he delivers Lectures, falls in Love,

is furnished with Money by his Mistress, and prepares to go

Abroad for his Degree-He visits Hamburg, detects an Impos-

ture there, and is obliged to make his Escape-Obtains his De-

gree at Harderwyk-Proceeds to Leyden, where he publishes

his Systema Naturæ, and waits upon Boerhaave-Goes to Am-

sterdam, is kindly received by Burmann, and lodges with him—

Is employed by Cliffort, publishes various Botanical Works—

Goes to England, visits Sir Hans Sloane, Miller, and Dillenius

-Returns to Holland, publishes several Works-Goes to Ley-

den, and resides with Van Royen-Publishes the Ichthyologia

of Artedi, who was drowned in Amsterdam-Becomes melan-

choly, and falls into a violent Fever-On his Recovery goes to

Paris, where he is kindly received by the Jussieus-Returns to

Sweden after an Absence of Three Years and a Half,..........218

SECTION IV.

PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF LINNEUS FROM 1738

TO 1741.

Linnæus is treated with Neglect at Stockholm-Is offered a Bota-

nical Professorship at Gottingen, but prefers remaining in Swe-

den-His medical Practice is at length extended-He prescribes

for the Queen, and becomes acquainted with Count Tessin, who

procures for him the Offices of Lecturer to the School of Mines

and Physician to the Admiralty-He marries Miss Moræus, de-

livers Lectures on Botany, and becomes a Candidate for the Bo-

tanical Chair at Upsal, which, however, is given to Rosen-Is

sent to examine the Islands of Oeland and Gothland-Being ap-

pointed to succeed Roberg in the Chair of Medicine and Ana-

tomy, he goes to Upsal, is reconciled to Rosen, and delivers

his Introductory Discourse-Linnæus and Rosen exchange

Professorships-The Botanic Garden is restored, and a House

erected for the Professor, who enters upon his Duties with Ar-

dour,........

Page 234

SECTION V.

COMMENCEMENT OF LINNEUS'S ACADEMICAL CAREER.

Linnæus restores the Botanic Garden at Upsal-Takes Possession

of his new Residence-Founds a Natural History Museum-

Publishes Catalogues of the Plants and Animals of Sweden-

In 1746, makes a Journey to West Gothland-Medal struck to

his Honour-He publishes a Flora of Ceylon from the Herba-

rium of Hermann-His alleged Discovery of a Method of pro-

ducing Pearls-Success as a Professor-Malice of his Enemies

-Journey to Scania-Is appointed Rector of the University-

Attacked by Gout-Sends several of his Pupils to travel in fo-

reign Countries,....................
.243

SECTION VI.

TRAVELLING PUPILS OF LINNEUS.

Enthusiasm excited by the Lectures of Linnæus-Ternstroem dies

on his Voyage to China-Hasselquist, after travelling in Egypt,

Arabia, and Palestine, dies at Smyrna-Forskal perishes in Ara-

bia; Lofling in South America; Falk in Tartary-Kalm sent to

Canada; Rolander to Surinam; Toren to Malabar; Osbeck to

China-Sparrmann travels in the Cape, and accompanies Cook on

his second Voyage-Thunberg_visits Japan, Ceylon, and other