XXI. 1781. that he deplored and mourned over the calamities BOOK of his country: but to see the noble lord stand up in the face of day, and hear him impudently vindicate the measures which had given birth to themthis was most of all alarming--this it was which froze his blood and harrowed up his soul!" Mr. Burke ridiculed with keen and exquisite poignancy the stress so absurdly laid on the supposed original and inherent right of Great Britain to exercise taxation over America.. "Oh inestimable right!" exclaimed Mr. Burke, "Oh wonderful transcendent right! the assertion of which has cost this country thirteen provinces, six islands, 100,000 lives, and seventy millions of money! Oh invaluable right! for the sake of which we have sacrificed our rank among nations, our importance abroad, and our happiness at home! Oh right! more dear to than our existence; which has already cost us so much, and which seems likely to cost us our all! Infatuated man!" cried Mr. Burke, fixing his eye on the minister: "Miserable and undone country! not to know that the claim of right, without the power of enforcing it, is nugatory and idle! We had a right to tax America,' the noble lord tells us, therefore we ought to tax America.' This is the profound logic which comprises the whole chain of his reasoning. Not inferior to this was the wisdom of him who resolved to shear the wolf. What shear a wolf? Have you considered 1 BOOK the resistance, the difficulty, the danger of the at- 1781. sidered nothing but the right. Man has a right of dominion over the beasts of the forest, and therefore I will shear the wolf.' How wonderful that a nation could be thus deluded! But the noble lord dealt in cheats and delusions. They were the daily traffic of his invention. And he would continue to play off his cheats on that house so long as he thought them necessary to his purpose, and so long as he had money enough at command to bribe gentlemen to pretend that they believed him. But a black and bitter day of reckoning would surely come; and whenever that day came, he trusted that he should be able, by a PARLIAMENTARY IMPEACHMENT, to bring upon the heads of the au thors of our calamities the punishment they de served." An amendment of the same import with that proposed by Mr. Fox was moved in the upper house by the earl of Shelburne, and supported by the duke of Richmond, who declared "the misfortunes of this country to be owing to that wretched system of government which had been early adopted in the reign of his present majesty, and to the influence of that INTERIOR CABINET which (he said) had been the ruin of this country;" and he recalledto the recollection of the house the memorable de, claration of the late earl of Chatham, that he was XXI. duped and deceived, and that he had not been ten BOOK days in the cabinet before he felt the ground rotten under his feet.' In both houses, however, the addresses were carried by great majorities, and a most melancholy and alarming prospect presented itself to the nation, of a fatal perseverance in a war which, from an involuntary and irresistible conviction universally impressed, was now regarded as desperate, and passionately deprecated as tending to certain and remediless ruin. In a very few days, a motion being made by sir Grey Cooper for the house to resolve itself into a committee of supply, a vehement debate arose. Mr. Fox, in the course of a most animated speech, asked if ministers would give any satisfactory as surance to the house, that the military forces which should hereafter be sent across the Atlantic would be employed more successfully or honorably than those which had already been sent thither? Did the American secretary wish to dispatch a third army to America, that general Washington might a third time receive them as prisoners of war? Did he wish that more British troops should be devoted to slaughter, captivity, and disgrace? Notwithstanding the defeat and dishonor which had attended the measures of administration, they had yet discovered no signs of humiliation or penitence. Instead of acknowledging that they turned their eyes with in 1781. 1781. BOOK quietude and shame upon the criminal expenditure XXI. of fruitless millions, they did not blush to move for an increase of grants, that they might prosecute, till ruin should have stopped their infamous career, hostilities which were the result of barbarous ambition, of implacable malevolence, of a detestation of liberty, of a contempt for every principle of justice, equity, and honor." Motion tory of the The ministers were so vigorously pushed in this debate, and seemed so utterly incapable of defending themselves or their measures, that it was probably a welcome surprise to them, to find in their favor, on the division, 172 voices to 77. It being understood that preparations were making condemna- for another embarkation of troops from Ireland to American America, a very important motion was on the 12th James Low-of December made by sir James Lowther, "That ther. it be resolved by the house, that the war carried on against the colonies and plantations of North America had been ineffectual to the purposes for which it was undertaken; and that it was also the opinion of this house that all further attempts to reduce the Americans to obedience by force must be injurious to this country, by weakening her powers to resist her antient and confederated enemies." In support of this motion, which was indeed the plain dictate of common sense, the mover observed, "that the late speech from the throne had given a just alarm to the nation-it had shown XXI. 1781. them that the ministers were determined to perse- BOOK vere in the American war-that more blood and more money were to be lavished in this fatal contest-the men invested with the powers of government derived no advantage from experience-the surrender of one army only gave them spirit to risk a second, and the surrender of the second only instigated them to venture a third. There was no end of loss nor of madness. The unexampled ignorance and misconduct of the ministry were now visible to all the world. It was therefore become the indispensable duty of that house to come to some solemn resolution, in order to mark and define their idea of the American war, and to convince their constituents that they were awake to the real situation of the country." The motion was seconded by Mr. Powys, member for Northamptonshire, who acknowledged, "that a variety of pretexts insidiously advanced by the ministers, and too credulously received by the majority of that house, had seduced them, from one session to another, to move with fatal steps along the path to national destruction. The war with the colonies was the idol of his majesty's ministers; they had bowed before it themselves, and had made the nation bow. The conduct which at the commencement of hostilities might be denominated firmness had now degenerated into obstinacy -an obstinacy which called upon all honest and |