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tion to the novel form of the argument in Treatise III., he might, perhaps, plead in his defence the example of all his predecessors, in an uninterrupted series, from the fathers of philosophy, down to himself the humblest of their disciples. But far different from ostentation, or a propensity to selfpraise, is the motive which compels him, thus unwillingly, to advert to the point, upon which he rests a hope, that the present volume may not be wholly unacceptable or without advantage to the public.

There is, however, another trait, upon which he can found a more gratifying, if not a better, claim to some originality. Having observed, that many of those works, which have been composed in defence of the Christian faith, abound with much virulent, and in his opinion exceedingly unjust attacks, upon those, and their writings, who have been principal leaders of the opposite opinions, he has been careful to avoid the use of such weapons, which, in a contest of argument, are equally ungenerous and absurd. What can be greater prejudice than to deny to SHAFTESBURY, to BOLINGBROKE, to HOBBES, and others, whose names are not inferior to the most distinguished ornaments of the age in which they lived, the credit of a small portion of sense? What can be more disgusting to a reasonable and impartial mind, than the effrontery of joining such characters as these, in an indiscriminating censure with the common herd of libertines and jesters, persons of little education, and of the vulgarest notions and pursuits, of whom the sect is mainly composed? But,

above all those powerful opponents of revelation,in acuteness of intellect,-in persevering industry,—in unimpeachable integrity of morals,—and in a rich, and varied store, of extensive and valuable learning,-must be accounted Mr. HUME, the oracle of the sceptics, and the most indefatigable, and able adversary, whom the enemy of mankind could have employed against religion. If, indeed, the author shall have succeeded in his attempt, not to extort by false ridicule, but, by a fair course of reasoning, to deduce, from the principles of this subtle metaphysician, a new defence of religion, natural and revealed, he will flatter himself, that he has achieved something better than is usually the produce of a few leisure hours; and he trusts that, in such an undertaking, even moderate success will be no weak apology for many faults, and no mean recommendation of the book, which he now with confidence, yet humbly, submits to the judg ment, as well as to the candour, of the public.

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CONTENTS.

Uncertainty

and confusion of metaphysical tenets, 2.- Failure of Paley

to state a metaphysical question, idem. Mr. Stewart's ac-

count of the modern refinements in that science, 2-3.-

Practical character of Paley's Theology, 3, (note); and moral

system, 3-4.Systems of Shaftesbury and Hutchinson, 4. —

Excessive subtlety of metaphysical moralists. Its consequen-

ces, 5.- Design of the Essay, 5-7.- The works of nature

indicate the will of the Creator, 7.- That "will" the source

of moral duty; hence the laws of nature to be obeyed, 8.

Instances of natural laws, 8-9.. - Inference from foregoing

sections, 10. Morality, being founded upon the laws of

nature, must be a system of general rules; reflections and obser-

vations thereupon, 10-12.-Dr. Paley's opinion respecting the

existence of a moral sense, quoted; his moral philosophy

misrepresented and misunderstood; quoted: similar miscon-

struction of the sacred writings, 12-17, and (note.) — Locke's

doctrine of "innate principles;" its object; its meaning mis-

represented and perverted, 18-20. False deductions from

it, concerning instinct, examined and refuted, 21-25.- Argu-

ments against the moral sense nugatory, 25-26. — Existence of

a moral instinct, demonstrated a fortiori by a comparison of man

with creatures of inferior order, 26-28, and (note.) — Continua-

tion of same subject. Peculiar advantages of the brute crea-

tion, 28-29, (note).- A criticism of Voltaire on Paschal's

"thoughts" examined, 29 (note). - General corollary, 30.

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and analyzed, 32-35.-Reflections upon the foregoing statement,

36-38; inference therefrom, 39.- Berkeley's observation

upon the effect of abstract names, 40-42; - defective, 42-44.

-Dr. Brown's exposition trifling, ibid. The true point to

be decided; popular hypothesis, the most allowable,44-45.-

Hypothesis of Brown inconclusive, 45, (note). — Abstract

ideas how far admitted by Berkeley, 45-46. Monstrous

tenet of Cudworth, 46-47. Difficulty illustrated and explain-

ed, 47-48.. Sir J. Falstaff's doctrine of abstraction, 48.

Absurdity of all these opinions, 49.- Final inference to ke

deduced from the forgoing sections, 49-51.- Absurd and visior -

ary simplifications in modern metaphysics, 51.- Tendency of

these new-fangled doctrines, 51-52.- Of the sentiments of

Hume and Brown, concerning the relation of cause and effect,

52-56. — Peculiar inconsistency in Dr. Brown's hypothesis

of intuitive expectation; more objectionable than even the

theory of Hume, 56-59.- Manifest fallacy of his hypothesis,

59-61. A more natural and obvious doctrine proposed,

61-62; and defended, 62-63.—Caution to be observed in ad-

mitting expectations to be intuitive, 63. Argument for the

popular doctrine respecting the real existence of "power,"

ibid. Difficulty attending this doctrine, 64. Origin of the

corpuscularin philosophy, ibid. and of Hume's account of

the idea of power," 64-67.- Dangerous alternative between

these mechanical systems, and the tenets of Dr. Brown, 67. -

Medium to be pursued, 67-69. Brown's theory founded on

an argumentum ad ignorantiam; which may be retorted

against him, 69. Or answered, 69-70. - An illustration of the

correctness of this reply; and of second causes, 70-79.— The

system of Brown liable to every objection which its sole object

and apology is to have avoided, 79-80. A plain exposition of

the unavoidable doctrines, 80-81. Recapitulation, 81-82.-Per-

vading error of the system of Brown; exposed, the incon-

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