fent a haughtier and more infolent anfwer than before, and commanded him to retire. Then Cophes taking him by the hand, defired he would come out of the cave with him, which the Barbarian doing, he fhowed him the Macedonians pofted over his head, and faid in an infulting tone of voice, "You fee that Alexander's foldiers have wings." In the mean time trumpets were heard to found in every part of the Macedonian camp, and the whole army fhouted aloud, and cried, Victory! These things though of little consequence in themselves, did nevertheless, as often happens, throw the Barbarians into fo great a confternation, that without once reflecting how few were got to the fummit, they thought themfelves loft. Upon this, Cophes was recalled, and thirty of the chiefs among the Barbarians were fent back with him, who agreed to furrender up the place, upon condition that their lives might be fpared. The king, notwithstanding the ftrong oppofition he might meet with, was however fo exafperated at the haughtinefs of Arimazes, that he refufed to grant them any terms of capitulation. A blind and rafh confidence in his own good fortune, which had never failed him, made him infenfible to every danger. Arimazes, on the other fide, blinded by fear, and concluding himfelf abfolutely loft, came down with his relations and the principal nobility of the country, into Alexander's camp. But this prince, who was not matter of his anger, forgetting what the faith of treaty and humanity required on this occafion, caufed them all to be fcourged with rods, and afterwards to be fixed to croffes, at the foot of the fame rock. The multitudes of people who furrendered, with all the booty, were given to the inhabitants of the cities which had been newly founded in thofe parts; and Artabazus was left governor of the rock and the whole province round it.

SECT. XIV. The death of Clitus. Several expeditions of Alexander. He commands worship to be paid to himfelf, after the manner of the Perfians. Difcontents arife among the Macedonians. Death of Callifthenes the Philofopher.

A

LEXANDER having fubdued the Maffagetæ and the Dahæ, entered Bazaria. In this province are a great number of large parks ftocked with deer. Here the king took the diverfion of hunting, in which he was expofed to very great peril; for a lion of an enormous fize advanced directly to him, but he killed him with a fingle thruft. Although Alexander came off victorious on this occafion, yet the Macedonians, alarmed at the danger he had run, and the whole army in his perfon, gave orders, purfuant to the custom of their country, that the king fhould go no more a hunting on foot, without being attended by fome of his courtiers and officers. They were fenfible, that a king is not born for his own fake, but for that of his fubjects; that he ought to be careful of his own perfon for their fakes, and referve his courage for other dangers; and that the being famous for killing beafts (a reputation unworthy of a great prince) ought not to be purchased fo dear.

From hence he advanced to Maracanda, where he quelled fome tumults which had broke out in that country. Artabazus requesting to be discharged from the government of that province, by reafon of his great age, he appointed Clitus his fucceffor. He was an old officer, who had fought under Philip, and signalised himself on many occafions. At the battle of the Granicus, as Alexander was fighting bare-headed, and Rofaces had his arm raifed, in order to ftrike him behind, he covered the king with his field, and cut off the Barbarian's hand. Hellanice, his fifter, had nurfed Alexander; and he loved her with as much tenderness as if the had

m Q. Curt. 1. viii. c. 1--8. Arrian. 1. iv. p. 161-171. Plut. in Alex. p. 693-696. Juftin. 1. xii. c. 6-7.

had been his own mother. As the king, from these several confiderations had very great refpect for Clitus, he entrusted him with the government of one of the most important provinces of his empire, and ordered him to fet out the next day.

Before his departure, Clitus was invited in the evening to an entertainment, in which the king, after drinking immoderately, began to celebrate his own exploits; and was fo exceffively lavish of felf-commendation, that he even fhocked those very perfons who knew that he spoke truth. However, the oldeft men in the company held their peace, till beginning to depreciate the warlike acts of Philip, he boasted. "That the famous "victory of Charonea was won by his means; and "that the glory of fo immortal a battle had been torn "from him by the malice and jealoufy of his father, "That in the † infurrection which broke out between "the Macedonians and mercenary Greeks, Philip. fainting away after the wounds he had received in that "tumult, had laid. himself on the ground; and could "not think of a better method to fave himself, than by lying along as dead; that on this occafion he had "covered him with his fhield, and killed with his own. "hands those who attempted to fall upon him; but "that his father could never prevail upon himfelf to "confefs this circumftance ingenuoufly, being vexed

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that he owed his life to his own fon. That in the "war against the Illyrians, he was the only perfon who "had done any thing, Philip having had no manner of "fhare in. it; and hearing of the defeat of the enemy, no otherwife than by the letters he fent him. "That the perfons worthy of praife, were not fuch as "initiated themfelves in the myfteries of the Samo"thracians,

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* In quo Rex, cùm multo incaluiffet mero, immodicus æftimator fui, celebrare qua gellerat cæpit: gravis etiam eorum auribus, qui fentiebant vera memorari. Q. QURT.

+ This fedition is not mentioned in any other place.

It was ufual for generals, before they fet out on their expeditions, to caufe themselves to be initiated in thefe myfteries, and offer facrifices to the gods who prefided in them. Poflibly Philip, by observ ing this ceremony, delayed fome enterprise.

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"thracians, when they ought to have laid wafte all Afia with fire and fword, but those who had achieved "fuch mighty exploits as furpaffed all belief."

Thefe and the like difcourfes were very pleafing to the young men, but were very fhocking to thofe advanced in years; efpecially for Philip's fake, under whom they had fought many years. Clitus, who alfo was intoxicated, turning about to those who fat below him at table, quoted to them a paffage from Euripides, but in fuch a manner that the king could only hear his voice, and not the words diftin&tly. The fenfe of this paffage was, "That the Greeks had done very wrong in ordaining, "that in the inferiptions engraved on trophies, the "names of kings only fhould be mentioned; t because, "by these means, brave men were robbed of the glory "they had purchased with their blood." The king, fufpecting Clitus had let drop fome difobliging expreffions, afked those who fat nearest him, what he had faid? As no one answered, Clitus, raifing his voice by degrees, began to relate the actions of Philip, and his wars inGreece, preferring them to whatever was doing at that time; which created a great difpute between the young and old men. Though the king was prodigiously vexed in his mind, he nevertheless ftifled his refentment, and feemed to liften very patiently to all Clitus fpoke to his prejudice. It is probable he would have quite fuppreffed his paffion, had Clitus ftopped there; but the latter growing more and more infolent, as if determined to exafperate and infult the king, went fuch lengths, as to defend Parmenio publicly; and to affert, that the deftroying of Thebes was but trifling in comparison of the victory which Philip had gained over the Athenians; and that the old Macedonians, though fometimes unfuccefsful, were greatly fuperior to thofe who were fo rafh as to defpife them.

Alexander telling him, that in giving cowardice the name of ill fuccefs, he was pleading his own caufe; Clitus

* In his Andromache.

Alieno enim fanguine partam gloriam intercipi. Q. CURT.

Clitus rifes up, with his eyes fparkling with wine and anger; "It is nevertheless this hand (faid he to him, "extending it at the fame time) that faved your life at "the battle of the Granicus. It is the blood and "wounds of thefe very Macedonians, who are accufed "of cowardice, that faifed you to this grandeur. But "the tragical end of Parmenio shows, what reward they "and myfelf may expect for all our fervices." This laft reproach ftung Alexander: however, he ftill reftrained his paffion, and only commanded him to leave the table. "He is in the right (fays Clitus, as he rofe up) not to "bear freeborn men at his table, who can only tell him "truth. He will do well to pafs his life among Bar"barians and flaves, who will be proud to pay their "adoration to his Perfian girdle and his white robe.” But now the king, no longer able to fupprefs his rage, fnatched a javelin from one of his guards, and would have killed Clitus on the fpot, had not the courtiers withheld his arm, and Clitus been forced, but with great difficulty, out of the hall. However, he returned into it that moment by another door, finging, with an air of infolence, verfes reflecting highly on the prince, who feeing the general near him, ftruck him with his javelin, and laid him dead at his feet, crying out at the fame time, "Go now to Philip, to Parmenio, and to Attalus.".

The king's anger being in a manner extinguished on a fudden in the blood of Clitus, his crime difplayed it. felf to him in its blackeft and moft dreadful light. He had murdered a man, who indeed abufed his patience, but then he had always ferved him with the utmost zeal and fidelity, and faved his life, though he was afhamed to own it. He had that inftant performed the vile office of an executioner, in punishing, by an horrid murder, the uttering of fome indifcreet words, which might be imputed to the fumes of wine. With what face could he appear before the fifter of Clitus, his nurfe, and offer her a hand imbrued in her brother's blood? Upon this he threw himself on his friend's body, forced out the javelin, and would have dispatched himfelf with it, had

K 5.

not