suffer by famine, 109. Plague, 110.
The retreat of Alaric purchased by a
ransom, 111, Is again besieged by
Alaric, 117. The senate unites with
him in electing Attalus emperor, 119.
The city seized by Alaric, and plun-
dered, 122. Comparison between
this event, and the sack of Rome by
the emperor Charles V. 131. Alaric
quits Rome, and ravages Italy, 133.
Laws passed for the relief of Rome,
and Italy, 141. Triumph of Honorius
for the reduction of Spain by Wallia,
155. Is preserved from the hands of
Attila by a ransom, 296. Indications
of the ruin of the empire, at the death
of Valentinian III. 304. Sack of the
city by Genseric king of the Vandals,.
310. The public buildings of, protect-
ed from depredation by the laws of
Majorian, 326. Is sacked again by the
patrician Rickmer, 356. Augustulus,
the last, emperor.. of the West, 360.
The decay of the Roman spirit re-
marked, 366. History of monastic in-
stitutions in,374. General observations
on the history of the Roman empire,
485.

Rome Italy conquered by Theodoric
the Ostrogoth, v. 9. Prosperity of the
city under his government, 21. Ac-
count of the four factions in the circus,
54. First introduction of silk among
the Romans, 65. The office of consul
suppressed by Justinian, 109. The city
receives Belisarius, 161. Siege of, by
the Goths, ibid. Distressful siege of,
by Totila the Goth, 259. Is taken,
261. Is recovered by Belisarius, 264.
Is again taken by Totila, 268. Is taken
by the eunuch Narses, 276. Extinc-
tion of the senate, 278. The city
degraded to the second rank under
the exarchs of Ravenna, 285. A re-
view of the Roman laws, 302. Extent
of the dutchy of, under the exarchs of
Ravenna, 403. Miserable state of the
city, 411. Pontificate of Gregory the
Great, 416.

Rome, the government of the city new
modelled under the popes, after their
revolt from the Greek emperors, vi.
170. It attacked by the Lombards,
and delivered by king Pepin, 174. The
office and rank of exarchs and patri-
cians explained, 178. Reception of
Charlemagne by pope Adrian I. 179.
Origin of the temporal power of the
popes, 180. Mode of electing a pope,

205. Is menaced by the Saracens, 447
Prosperous pontificate of Leo IV. 449
Is besieged and taken by the emperor
Henry III. vii. 137. Great part of the
city burnt by Robert Guiscard, in the
cause of pope Gregory VII. 139.

-

The history of, resumed, after the
capture of Constantinople by the Turks,
viii. 168. French and German empe-
rors of, 169: Authority of the popes,
170. Restoration of the republican form
of government, 182. Office of senator,
187. Wars against the neighbouring
cities, 194. Institution of the Jubilee,
203. Revolution in the city, by the tri-
bune Rienzi, 217. Calamities flowing
from the schism of the papacy, 242.
Statutes and government of the city,
249 Porcaro's conspiracy, 251. The
ecclesiastical government of, 256. Re-
flections of Poggius on the ruin of the
city, 259. Four principal causes of its
ruin specified, 262. The Coliseum of
Titus, 274. Restoration and ornaments
of the city, 281.

Romilda, the betrayer of Friuli to the
Avars, her cruel treatment by them,
v. 459.

Rosamond, daughter of Cunimund king
of the Gepida, her marriage with Al-
boin king of the Lombards, v. 384.
Conspires his murder, 391. Her flight
and death, 392.

Roum, the Seljukian kingdom of, form-
ed, vii. 183.

Rudbeck, Olaus, summary abridgment
of the argument in his Atlantica, i.
244.

Rufinus, the confidential minister of the
emperor Theodosius the Great, stimu
lates his cruelty against Thessalonica,
iii. 432. His character and administra-
tion, iv. 2. His death, 16.⚫
Rugilas, the Hun, his settlement in Hun-
gary, iv. 232.

Runic characters, the antiquity of, trac-
ed, i. 245. note.

Russia, origin of the monarchy of, vii.

84. Geography and trade of, 86. Na
val expeditions of the Russians against
Constantinople, 89. Reign of the czar
Swatoslaus, 93. The Russians con-
verted to Christianity, 96. Is conquer-
ed by the Moguls, 462.
Rustan, a Persian nobleman, a saying of
his expressive of the danger of living
under despots, i. 90.

Rutilius, his character of the monks of
Capraria, iv. 23.

Sabellius the heresiarch, his opinions af-
terward adopted by his antagonists,
iii. 16. His doctrine of the Trinity, 19.
The Sabellians unite with the Trithe-
ists at the council of Nice to overpow-
er the Arians, 21.
Sabians, their astronomical mythology,
vi. 241.

Sabinian obtains the command of the
Eastern provinces from Constantius, ii.
367.

Sabinian, general of the East, is defeated
by Theodoric the Ostrogoth king of
Italy, v. 18.

Sabinians, origin of the sect of, in the
Roman civil law, v. 322.
Sadducees, account of that sect among
the Jews, ii. 80.

Saladin, his birth, promotion and charac.
ter, vii. 274. Conquers the kingdom
of Jerusalem, 278. His ineffectual
siege of Tyre, 281. Siege of Acre,
283. His negotiations with Richard I.
of England, 287. His death, 288.
Salerno, account of the medical school of,
vii. 122.

Salic laws, history of, iv. 443.

Sallust, the præfect and friend of the em-
peror Julian, declines the offer of the
diadem on his death, iii. 218. Declines
it again on the death of Jovian, 239.
Is retained in his employment by the
emperor Valentinian, 244.

Sallust, the historian, by what funds he
raised his palace on the Quirinal hill,
iv. 128. note.

Salona, the retreat of the emperor Dio-
cletian, described, i. 439.
Salvian, his account of the distress and re-
bellion of the Bagaudæ, iv. 305. note.
Samanides, the Saracen dynasty of, vi.
461.

Samaritans, persecution and extinction
of, by the emperor Justinian, vi. 43.
Samuel the prophet, his ashes conveyed
to Constantinople, iii. 473.
Sapor, king of Persia, procures the assas-
sination of Chosroes king of Armenia,
and seizes the country, i. 302. Defeats
the emperor Valerian, and takes him
prisoner, 303. Sets up Cyriades as suc-
cessor to Valerian in the Roman em.
pire, ibid. Over-runs Syria, Cilicia, and
Cappadocia, 304. His death, 346.
Sapor, the son of Hormouz, is crowned
king of Persia before his birth, ii. 313.
His character and early heroism, 314,
VOL. VIII.

Harasses the Eastern provinces of the
Roman empire, 316. Battle of Singa-
ra, against the emperor Constantius,
317. His son brutally killed by Con-
stantius, 319. His several attempts on
Nisibis, ibid. Concludes a truce with
Constantius, 321. His haughty propo-
sitions to Constantius, 360. Invades
Mesopotamia, 362. Reduces Amida,
365. Returns home, 366. His peaceful
overtures to the emperor Julian, iii.
175. His consternation at the succes-
ses of Julian, 206. Harasses the retreat
of the Romans, 211. His treaty with
the emperor Jovian, 222. His reduc-
tion of Armenia, and death, 293, 296.
Saracen, various definitions of that appel-
lation, vi. 230. note.

Saracens, successions of the caliphs of,
vi. 295. Their rapid conquests, 314.
Conquest of Persia, 322. Siege of Da-
mascus, 331. Battle of Yermuk and
conquest of Syria, 345. Of Egypt, 357.
Invasions of Africa, 372. Their mili-
tary character, vii. 34.

Sarbar, the Persian general, joins the
Avars in besieging Constantinople, v.
470. Revolts to the emperor Heracli-
us, 473.

Sardinia, expulsion of the Vandals from,
by Marcellinus, iv. 344. Is conquered
by Zano, the brother of Gelimer king
of the Vandals, v. 131. Is surrendered
to Belisarius, 134.

Sarmatians, memorable defeat of, by
the emperor Carus, i. 381. Their man-
ners described, ii. 302. Brief history
of, 304. They apply to Constantine
the Great for assistance against the
Goths, 305. Are expelled their country
by the Limigantes, 307. Are restored
by Constantius, 360.

Savage manners, a brief view of, i. 248.

Are more uniform than those of civi-
lised nations, iii. 314.

Sarus, the Goth, plunders the camp of
Stilicho, and drives him into the hands
of the emperor at Ravenna, iv. 75.
Insults Alaric, and occasions the sack-
ing of Rome, 122. Is killed by Adol-
phus king of the Visigoths, 149.
Saturninus, one of the competitors for
empire against Gallienus, his observa-
tion on his investiture, i. 312.
Saturninus, lieutenant under the empe
ror Probus, in the East, is driven into
rebellion by his troops, i. 376.
Saxons, ancient, an account of, iii. 276.
Their piratical confederations, 277.

Xx

Their invasions of Gaul checked by
the Romans, 278. How converted to
Christianity, iv. 394. Descent of the
Saxons on Britain, 468. Their brutal
desolation of the country, 477.
Scanderbeg, prince of Albania, his histo-
ry, viii. 111.

Scatinian law of the Romans, account of,
v. 371.

Scaurus, the patrician family of, how re-
duced under the emperors, ii. 246.

note

Schism in religion, the origin of, traced,
ii. 70.

Science reducible to four classes, vi.
439.

Sclavonians, their national character, v.
199. Their barbarous inroads on the
Eastern empire, 201. Of Dalmatia, ac-
count of, vii. 70.

Scots and Picts, the nations of, how dis-
tinguished, iii. 279, 280. Invasions of
Britain by, 282.

Scythians, this name vaguely applied to
mixed tribes of Barbarians, i. 300.
Their pastoral manners, iii. 314. Ex-
tent and boundaries of Scythia, 324.
Revolutions of, iv. 53. Their mode of
war, 250.

Sebastian, master-general of the infantry

under the emperor Valens, his success-
ful expedition against the Go hs, iii.
359. Is killed in the battle of Hadria-
nople, 363.

Sebastian, the brother of the usurper Jo-
vinus, is associated with him in his as-
sumed Imperial dignities, iv. 149.
Sebastocrator, import of that title in the
Greek empire, vii. 18..

Seez, in Normandy, the bishop and chap-
ter of, all castrated, viii. 174. note.
Segestan, the princes of, support their
independency obstinately against Ar-
taxerxes, i. 229. note.

Segued, emperor of Abyssinia, is with
his whole court converted by the Je-
suits, vi. 76.

Selden, his sententious character of tran-
substantiation, vi. 151. note.
Seleucia, the great city of, ruined by the
Romans, i. 231.

Seleucus Nicator, number of cities found-
ed by him, i. 229. note.

Seljuk, Turkish dynasty of the house of,
vii. 165. Division of their empire,

181.

Sergeant, legal and military import of
that term, vii. 328. note.
-Severus Septimius, general of the Panno.

nian legions, assumes the purple on
the death of Pertinax, i. 126. His con-
duct toward the Christians, ii. 183.
Senate of Rome is reformed by Augustus,
i. 68. Its legislative and judicial pow-
ers, 77. Abortive attempt of, to re-
sume its rights after the murder of
Caligula, 81. Its legal jurisdiction
over the emperors, 111. Is subjected
to military despotism, by Severus, 140.
Women excluded from this assembly
by a solemn law, 168. The form of a
secret meeting, 199. Measures taken
to support the authority of the two
Gordians, 200. The senate elect Maxi-
mus and Balbinus emperors on the
deaths of the Gordians, 201. They
drive the Allemanni out of Italy, 291.
The senators forbid to exercise milita-
ry employments by Gallienus, ibid.
Elect Tacitus, the father of the senate,
emperor, 360. Prerogatives gained to
the senate, by this election, 361. Their
power and authority annihilated by
Diocletian, 427.

-, Amount of the coronary gold, or
customary free gift of,to the emperors,
ii 285. The claim of Julian to the
empire admitted, iii. 97.、

Petitions of, to the emperors, for
the restoration of the altar of victory,
iii. 453. The Pagan religion renounced,
455. Debates of, on the proposals of
Alaric the Goth, iv. 71. Genealogy of
the senators, 86. Passes a decree for
putting to death Serena the widow of
Stilicho, 109. Under the influence of
Alaric, elects Atialus emperor, 119.
Trial of Arvandus, a prætorian præfect
of Gaul, 350. Surrenders the sovereign
power of Italy to the emperor of the
East, 363.

Extinction of that illustrious as-
sembly, v. 278.

-, Restoration of, in the twelfth cen-
tury, viii. 189. The assembly resolved
into single magistrates, 187.
Serapion, his lamentation for the loss of a
personified deity, vi. 8.

Serapis, history of his worship, and of
his temple at Alexandria, iii. 461.
The temple destroyed, 463.
Serena, neice of the emperor Theodosi-
us, married to his general St licho, iv.
12. Is cruelly strangled by order of the
Roman senate, iv. 109.

Severinus, St. encourages Odoacer to as-
sume the dominion of Italy, iv. 362.
His body how disposed of, 366. note.

Severus is declared Cæsar on the abdica-
tion of Diocletian and Maximian, ii. 3.
His defeat and death, 12.
Severus is appointed general of the caval-
ry in Gaul, under Julian, ii. 381.
Shepherds and warriors, their respective
modes of life compared, iii. 315.
Shiites, a sect of Mahometans, their dis-
tinction from the Sonnites, vi. 297.
Siberia, extreme coldness of the climate,

and miserable state of the natives of,
iii. 326. Is seized and occupied by the
Tartars, vii. 464.

Sicily, reflections on the distractions in
that island, i. 314. Is conquered by the
Saracens, vi. 446. Introduction of the
silk manufacture there, vii. 12. Ex-
-ploits of the Normans there. 110. Is
conquered by count Roger, 123. Ro-
ger, son of the former, made king of,
142. Reign of William the Bad, 152.
Reign of William the Good, 153. Con-
quest of, by the emperor Henry VI.
155. Is subdued by Charles of Anjou,
410. The Sicilian Vespers, 414.
Sidonius Apollinaris the poet, his humour-
ous treatment of the capitation tax,
ii. 281. His character of Theodoric
king of the Visigoths in Gaul, iv. 315.
His panegyric on the emperor Avitus,
319. His panegyric on the emperor
Anthemius, 340.

Sigismond, king of the Burgundians,
murders his son, and is canonised, iv.
433. Is overwhelmed by an army of
Franks, ibid.

Silentiarius, Paul, his account of the va-
rious species of stone and marble em-
ployed in the church of St. Sophia at
Constantinople, v. 86 note.
Silk, first manufactured in China, and

then in the small Grecian island of
Ceos, v. 65. A peculiar kind of silk
procured from the pinna marina, 66.
The silk-worm, how introduced to
Greece, 70. Progress of the manufac-
ture of, in the tenth century, vii. 12.
Simeon, persecutor of the Paulicians,
becomes a proselyte to their opinions,
vii. 55.

Simeon, king of Bulgaria, his exploits,
vii. 71.

Simeon Stylites, the hermit, his extraor-
dinary mode of life, iv. 389.
Simony, an early instance of, i. 189. note.
Simplicius, one of the last surviving Pa-
gan philosophers of Athens, his writ-
ings, and character, v. 109.

Singara, battle of, between the emperor

Constantius, and Sapor king of Persia,
ii. 317. The city of, reduced by Sa-
por, 367. Is yielded to him by Jovian,
iii. 223.

Singeric, brother of Sarus, is made king
of the Goths, iv. 153.
Singidunum is perfidiously taken by Baian
chagan of the Avars, v. 438.
Sirmium is perfidiously taken by Baian
chagan of the Avars, v. 438.
Siroes deposes and murders his father
Chosroes II. king of Persia, v. 478.
His treaty of peace with the emperor
Heraclius, ibid.

Sisebut, a Gothic king of Spain, perse-
cutes the Jews there, i. 415.

Sixtus V. pope, character of his admin-
istration, viii. 257.

Slave, strange perversion of the original
sense of that appellation, vii. 69.
Slaves, among the Romans, who, and
their condition described, i. 45.
Slavery, personal, imposed on captives
by the barbarous nations, iv. 454.
Sleepers, seven, narrative of the legen-
dary tale of, iv. 228.

Smyrna, capture of, by Tamerlane, viii.

19.

Society, philosophical, reflections on the
revolutions of, iv. 493.

Soffarides, the Saracen dynasty of, vi.

460.

Soldiers, Roman, their obligations and
discipline, i. 11. When they first re-
ceived regular pay, 178.

Soliman, sultan, conquers Asia Minor,
vii. 182. Fixes his residence at Nice,
184. Nice taken by the first crusaders,
229. Battle of Dorylæum, 230.
Soliman, the son of Bajazet, his charac-
ter, viii. 32. His alliance with the
Greek emperor Manuel Palæologus,
35.

Solomon, king of the Jews, not the au-
thor of the book which bears the name
of his Wisdom, iii. 8. Reasons for sup-
posing he did not write either he
book of Ecclesiastes or the Proverbs,
v. 140. note.

Solomon the eunuch relieves the Roman
province in Africa, from the depreda-
tions of the Moors, v. 144. Revolt
of his troops at Carthage, 248. Is
defeated and killed by Antalus the
Moor, 251.

Solyman, caliph of the Saracens, under-
takes the siege of Constantinople,
vi. 413. His enormous appetite, and
death, 415.

Sonnites, in the Mahometan religion,
their tenets, vi. 297.
Sopator, a Syrian philosopher, beheaded
by Constantine the Great, on a charge
of binding the wind by magic, iii. 43.

note.

Sophia, the widow of Justin II. her con-
spiracy against the emperor Tiberius,
v. 396.

Sophia, St. foundation of the church of,
at Constantinople, v. 84. Its descrip-
tion, 85. Is converted into a mosch,
viii. 158.

Sophian, the Arab, commands the first

siege of Constantinople, vi. 409.
Sophronia, a Roman matron, kills herself
to escape the violence of Maxentius,
ii. 24. note.

Sortes Sanctorum, a mode of Christian
divination, adopted from the Pagans,
iv. 436. note.

Soul, uncertain opinions of the ancient
philosophers as to the immortality of,
ii. 77. This doctrine more generally
received among the barbarous nations,
and for what reason, 80. Was not
taught by, Moses, ibid. Four different
prevailing doctrines as to the origin
of, vi. 4. note.

Sozopetra destroyed by the Greek empe-
ror Theophilus, vi. 452.
Spain, the province of, described, i. 22.
Great revenues raised from this pro-
vince by the Romans, 179. Is ravaged
by the Franks, 288.

, review of the history of, iv. 153.
Is invaded by the barbarous nations,
151. The invaders conquered by Wal-
lia king of the Goths, 155. Successes
of the Vandals there, 214. Expedition
of Theodoric king of the Visigoths in-
to, 317. The Christian religion receiv-
ed there, 410 Revolt and martyrdom
of Hermenigild, 411. Persecution of
the Jews in, 414. Legislative assem-
blies of, 465.

-, Acquisitions of Justinian there, v.
146.

State of, under the emperor Char-
lemagne, vi. 197. First introduction
of the Arabs into the country, 385.
Defeat and death of Roderic the Gothic
king of, 389. Conquest of, by Musa,
392. Its prosperity under the Sara-
cens, 398. The Christian faith there,
supplanted by that of Mahomet, ibid.
The throne of Cordova filled by Abdal-
rahman, 430.

Stadium, Olympic, the races of, compar-

Stephen, a freedman of Domitilla, assas

sinates the emperor Domitian, ii. 162.
Stephen, count of Chartres, his character
and engagement in the first crusade,
vii. 212. Deserts his standard, 238.
Stephen, St. the first Christian martyr,
miraculous discovery of his body, and
the miracles worked by it, iii. 475.
Stephen the savage, sent by the Greek
emperor Justinian II. to exterminate
the Chersonites, vi. 91.

Stephen III. pope, solicits the aid of Pepin
king of France, against the Lombards,
under the character of St. Peter, vi.
175. Crowns king Pepin, 177.
Stilicho, the great general of the Western
empire under the emperor Honorius,
his character, iv. 11. Puts to death
Rufinus the tyrannical præfect of the
East. 15 His expedition against Alaric
in Greece, 34. His diligent endeavours
to check his progress in Italy, 41. De-
feats Alaric at Pollentia, 44. Drives
him out of Italy, 47. His triumph at
Rome, 48. His preparations to op
pose the invasion of Kadagaisus, 56.
Reduces and puts him to death, 59.
Supports the claims of Alaric in the
Roman senate, 71. Is put to death at
Ravenna, 75. His memory persecuted,
76.

Stoza heads the revolted troops of
the emperor Justinian in Africa, v.
249.
Strasburg, battle of, between Julian and
the Allemanni, ii. 375.
Successianus defends the Roman frontier
against the Goths, i. 295.
Suevi, the origin and renown of, i. 289.
Suicide applauded and pitied by the Ro-
mans, v. 376.

Sulpicius, Servius, was the highest im-
prover of the Roman jurisprudence,
v. 319.

Sultan, origin and import of this title of
Eastern sovereignty, vii. 158.
Sumnat, description of the pagoda of, in
Guzarat, and its destruction by sultan
Mahmud, vii. 159.

Sun, the worship of, introduced at Rome
by the emperor Elagabalus, i. 162.
Was the peculiar object of the devo
tion of Constantine the Great, before
his conversion, ii. 390. And of Julian
after his apostacy, iii. 135.