tinople, 160. The adoration of, justi-
fied by pope Gregory II. 165. And
sancufied by the second council of
Nice, 186.

Imperator, in the Roman history, ex-
plained, i. 69. note. The Imperial pre-
rogatives, 74. The court, 77. The
sense of this appellation altered by
long use, 429.

Incarnation, theological history of the
doctrine of, vi. 2.

Incest, natural and arbitrary, distinguish-
ed, v. 347.

India, account of the Christians of St.
Thomas in, vi. 58. Persecution of, by
the Portuguese, 59.

Indictions, the memorable æra of, whence

dated, ii. 31. note. The name and use
of, in the middle ages, whence deriv.
ed, 276.

Indulgences, in the Romish church, the
nature of, explained, vi. 202.
Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, is mar-
ried to Hermenegild prince of Botica,
and cruelly treated by his mother Go-
isvintha, iv. 411.

Inheritance, paternal, subject to parental
discretion among the Romans, i. 183.
The Roman law of, v. 352. Testa-
mentary dispositions of property, 355.
The Voconian law, how evaded,
357.

Injuries, review of the Roman laws for

the redress of, v. 362.

Innocent III. pope, enjoyed the plenitude
of papal power, vii. 289.
Inquisition, the first erection of that tri-
bunal, vii. 289.

Institutes of Justinian, an analysis of, v.
334.

Interest of money, how regulated by the
Roman laws, v. 361.
Joan, pope, the story of, fictitious, vi.
207. note.

John, principal secretary to the emperor
Honorius, usurps the empire after his
death, iv. 209.

John the almsgiver, archbishop of Alex-
andria, relieves the Jewish refugees
when Jerusalem was taken by the
Persians, v. 455. His extraordinary
liberality of the church treasure, vi.
69.

John, bishop of Antioch, arrives at Ephe-
sus after the meeting of the council,
and, with his bishops, decides against
Cyril, vi. 21. Coalition between him
and Cyril, 22.

John of Apri, patriarch of Constantino-

ple, his pride, and confederacy against
John Cantacuzene, vii. 433.
John of Brienne, emperor of Constanti.
nople, vii. 368.

John of Cappadocia, prætorian præfect
of the East, under the emperor Justi.
nian, his character, v. 79. Is disgraced
by the empress Theodora, and becomes
a bishop, 80. Opposes the African war,
114. His fraud in supplying the army
with bread, 122.

John Commenus, emperor of Constantino-
ple, vi. 133.

John Damacenus, St. his history, vi. 162.

note.

John of Lycopolis, the hermit, his cha-
racter, and oracular promise to the
emperor Theodosius the Great, iii.
441.

John, the Monophysite bishop of Asia, is
employed by the emperor Justinian to
root out Pagans and heretics, vi. 42.
John XII. pope, his flagitious character,

vi. 208.

John XXIII. pope, his profligate charac
ter, viii. 246.

John, St. the evangelist, reveals the true
sense of Plato's doctrine of the Logos,
iii. 9.

John the Sanguinary seizes the Gothic
treasures in Picenum, and obliges Vi.
tiges to raise the siege of Rome, v.
175.

John Zimisces, murders the Greek em.
peror Nicephorus, and succeeds him,
vi. 119. His Eastern victories, 465.
Defeats Swatoslaus, czar of Russia,
vii. 94.

Jona, one of the Hebride islands, its an.
cient monastic eminence, iv. 376.
Janas, renegado of Damascus, story of,
vi. 338.

Jordun, character of his work, De Origi
nibus Sclavicis, vii. 69. note.
Joseph the Carizmian, governor of Ber-
zem, kills the sultan Alp Arslan, vii.
176.

Josephus, the mention of Jesus Christ in
his history, a forgery, ii. 156. note. His
opinion, that Plato derived knowledge
from the Jews, controverted, iii. 7.

Jovinian of Verona, his punishment by a
Roman synod, for heresy, iv. 40.
Jovinus reduces the Allemanni, who had
invaded Gaul, iii. 271.

-, Account of his revolt against the
emperor Honorius in Germany, iv.
148.

Jovius, prætorian præfect under the em-
peror Honorius, succeeds Olympius as
his confidential minister, iv. 115. His
negotiations with Alaric obstructed,
116. Deserts Honorius, and goes over
to Alaric, and the new emperor Atta-
lus, 121.

Irene, her marriage with the Greek em-
peror Leo, vi. 97. Her ambition, and
barbarity to her son Constantine, 98.
Restores images to public devotion,

186.

Ireland was first colonised from Scotland,

iii. 281. Derivation of the name of its
tutelar saint, Patrick, iv. 364. note.
Isaac I. Comnenus, emperor of Constanti-
nople, vi. 125.

Isaac II. Angelus, emperor of Constanti-
nople, vi. 148. His character and
reign, vii. 308. Is deposed by his bro-
ther Alexius, 311. Is restored by the
crusaders, 332. His death, 337.
Isaac, archbishop of Armenia, his apolo-
gy for the vices of king Artasires, iv.
206.

Isauria, the rebellion there against the
emperor Gallienus, i. 316.

Isaurians, reduction of, by the Eastern
emperors, v. 93.

Isidore, cardinal, his ill treatment in Rus-

sia, viii. 97. Receives an act of union
from the Greek clergy at Constantino-
ple, 135.

Isocrates, his price for the tuition of his
pupils, v. 105.

Italy, the dominion of, under Odoacer,
succeeds the extinction of the West-
ern empire, iv. 361. Its miserable state
at this æra, 368. Conversion of the
Lombards of, to the Nicene faith, 414.
, Is reduced by Theodoric the Ostro-
goth, v. 11. His administration, 13.
Government of, according to the Ro
man law, by Theodoric, 19. Its flour-
ishing state at this time, 24. How
supplied with silk from China, 65.
History of Amalasontha, queen of
Italy, 144. Invasion of, by Belisarius,
156. Siege of Rome by the Goths, 161.
Invasion of Italy, by the Franks, 179.
Revolt of the Goths, 252. Expedition

of the eunuch Narses, 271. Invasion
of, by the Franks and Allemanni, 280.
Government of, under the exarchs of
Ravenna, 284. Conquests of Alboin
king of the Lombards in, 389. Dis.
tress of, 400. How divided between
the Lombards, and the exarchs of Ra-
venna, 402.

Growth of the papal power in, vi.
163. Revolt of, against the Greek em.
perors, 167. The exarchate of Raven-
na granted to the pope, 180. Extent
of the dominions of Charlemagne
there, 197. The power of the German
Cæsars destroyed by the rise of the
commercial cities there, 212. Factions
of the Guelphs and Ghibelins, 214.
Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and
Greeks, in, vii. 101.

- Revival of Greek learning in, viii.
78. Authors consulted for the history
of, 258. note.

Jubilee, popish, a revival of the secular
games, i. 216. note. viii. 203. The re-
turn of, accelerated, 205.

Jude, St. examination of his grandsons
before the tribunal of the procurator
of Judea, ii. 160.

Judgments of God, in the Salic laws, how
determined, iv. 447.

Judgments, popular, of the Romans, dis-
played, v. 373.

Julia Domna, wife of the emperor Seve-
rus, her character, i. 142. Her death,
158.

Julian, the nephew of Constantine the
Great, his education, ii. 339. His dan-
gerous situation on the death of his
brother Gallus, 346. Is sent to Athens,
where he cultivates philosophy, 348.
Is recalled by Constantius, 349. Is in-
vested with the title of Cæsar, 851. Is
appointed to the government of Gaul,
370. His first campaign, 372. Battle
of Strasburg, 375 Reduces the Franks
at Toxandria, 377. His three expedi-
tions beyond the Rhine, 379. Restores
the cities of Gaul, 381. His civil admi-
nistration, 382. His account of the
theological calamities of the empire
under Constantius, iii. 67. Constantius
grows jealous of him, 78. The Gaul-
ish legions are ordered into the East,
79. Is saluted emperor by the troops,
82. His embassy and epistle to Con-
stantius, 86. His fourth and fifth ex-
peditions beyond the Rhine, 88. De-
clares war against Constantius, and

abjures the Christian religion, 92. His
march from the Rhine into Illyricum,
93. Enters Sermium, 96. Publishes
apologies for his conduct, 97. His tri-
umphant entry into Constantinople on
the death of Constantius, 101. His
private life and civil government, 102.
His reformation in the Imperial palace,
105. Becomes a sloven to avoid foppe-
ry, 108. Erects a tribunal for the trial
of the evil ministers of Constantius, ib.
Dismisses the spies and informers em.
ployed by his predecessor, 111. His
love of freedom and the republic, 112.
His kindnesses to the Grecian cities,
114. His abilities as an orator, 115.
And as a judge, 116. His character,
117. His apos acy accounted for, 120.
Adopts the Pagan mythology, 123.
His theological system, 126. His ini-
tiation into the Eleusinian mysteries,
and his fanaticism, 128. His hypocri-
tical duplicity, 130. Writes a vindica-
tion of his apostacy, 132. His edict
for a general toleration, 133. His Pa-
gan superstitious zeal, 135. His circu-
lar letters for the reformation of the
Pagan religion, 137. His industry in
gaining proselytes, 141. His address to
the Jews, 143. History of his attempt
to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem,
148. Transfers the revenues of the
Christian church to the heathen priests,
152. Prohibits Christian schools, 153.
Obliges the Christians to reinstate the
Pagan temples, 156. Restores the sa-
cred grove and temple of Daphne, 160.
Punishes the Christians of Antioch
for burning that temple, 162. His
treatment of the cities of Edessa and
Alexandria, 166. Banishes Athanasi-
us, 168. The philosophical fable of his
Cesars, delineated, 173. Meditates the
conquest of Persia, 174. Popular dis-
contents during his residence at Anti-
och, 178 Occasion of writing his Mi-
sopogen, 180. His march to the Eu-
phrates, 183. He enters the Persian
territories, 188. Invades Assyria, 194.
His personal conduct in this enterprise,
197. His address to his discontented
troops, 199. His successful passage
over the Tigris, 202. Burns his fleet,
207. His retreat and distress, 211.
His death, 215. His funeral, 232.
Julian count, offers to betray Spain into
the hands of the Arabs, vi. 385. His
advice to the victorious Turks, 390.
Julian, the papal legate, exhorts Ladis-

laus king of Hungary and Poland to
breach of faith with the Turks, viii.
104. His death and character, 108.
Julius, master-general of the troops in
the Eastern empire, concerts a general
massacre of the Gothic youth in Asia,
iit. 368.

Jurisprudence, Roman, a review of, v.
302 Was polished by Grecian philo.
sophy, 319 Abuses of, 377.
Justin the Elder, his military promotion,
v. 39. His elevation to the empire, and
character, 40. His death, 44.
Justin II emperor, succeeds his uncle
Justinian, v. 380. His firm behaviour
to the ambassadors of the Avars, 381.
His abdication, and investiture of Ti-
berius, as his successor. 395.

Justin Martyr, his decision in the case of
the Ebion tes, 11 67. His extravagant
account of the progress of Christiani.
ty, 129. Occasion of his own conver.
sion, 132.

Justina, the popular story of her marri
age with the emperor Valentinian ex-
amined, iii. 309 Her infant son Va-
lentinian II. invested with the Impe
rial ensigns, on the death of his father,
311. Her contest with Ambrose arch-
bishop of Milan, 413. Flies from the
invasion of Maximus, with her son,
420.

Justinian, emperor of the East, his birth
and promotion, v. 39. His orthodoxy,
42. Is invested with the diadem by
his uncle Justin, 43. Marries Theodo
ra, 49.
Patronises the blue faction of
the circus, 57 State of agriculture and
manufacture in his provinces, 63. In-
troduces the culture of the silk-worm,
and manufacture of silk, into Greece,
70. State of his revenue, 72. His ava-
rice and profusion, 73. Taxes and
monopolies, 75, 76. His ministers, 78.
His public buildings, 81. Founds the
church of St. Sophia at Constantinople,
84. His other public works, 88. His
European fortifications, 90. His Asia-
tic fortifications, 96 He suppresses the
schools of Athens, 103. And the con-
sular dignity, 109. Purchases a peace
from the Persians, 112. 220. Under-
takes to restore Hilderic king of Car-
thage, 114. Reduction of Africa, 134.
His instructions for the government
of, 135. His acquisitions in Spain, 146.
His deceitful negotiations in Italy,151.
Weakness of his empire, 194 Receives
an embassy from the Avars, 208.

And from the Turks, 210. Persian
war, 225 His negotiations with Chos-
roes, 241. His alliance with the Abys-
sinians, 245. Neglects the Italian war
under Belisarius, 259. Settles the
government of Italy under the exarch
of Ravenna, 284 Disgrace and death
of Belisarius, 290. His death and cha-
racter, 291. Comets and calamities in
his reign, 293. His Code, Pandects,
and Institutes, 302. His theological
character and government, vi. 39. His
persecuting spirit, 41. His orthodoxy,
43. Died a heretic, 46.

Justinian II. emperor of Constantinople,
vi. 88.

Justinian, the son of Germanus, his con-

spiracy with the empress Sophia, and
successes against the Persians, v. 397.
Juvenal, his remarks on the crowded state
of the inhabitants of Rome, iv. 107.

K

Khan, import of this title in the northern
parts of Asia, iii. 322. iv. 54.

King, the title of, conferred by Constan-
tine the Great on his nephew Hanni-
balianus, ii. 300.

Kindred, degrees of, according to the
Roman civil law, v. 353.

Knighthood, how originally conferred,
and its obligations, vii. 216.

Koran of Mahomet, account and charac
ter of, vi. 252.

Koreish, the tribe of, acquire the custody
of the Caaba at Mecca, vi. 239. Pedi-
gree of Mahomet, 243. They oppose
his pretensions to a prophetical char-
acter, 265. Flight of Mahomet, 266.
Battle of Beder, 273. Battle of Ohud,
274. Mecca surrendered to Mahomet,
278.

L

Labarum, or standard of the cross, in the
army of Constantine the Great, de-
scribed, ii. 400.

Labeo, the civilian, his diligence in busi-
ness and composition, v. 318. His pro-
fessional character, 322.
Lactantius, difficulties in ascertaining the
date of his Divine Institutions, ii. 387.
note. His flattering prediction of the
influence of Christianity among man-
kind, 393. Inculcates the divine right
of Constantine to the empire, 396.
Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Poland,

leads an army against the Turks, viii.
103. His breach of faith with them,
104.

Ladislaus, king of Naples, harasses Rome
during the schism of the papacy, viii.

274.

Lætus, prætorian præfect, conspires the
death of Commodus, and confers the
empire on Pertinax, i. 109.
Laity, when first distinguished from the
clergy, ii. 109.

Lampadius, a Roman senator, boldly
condemns the treaty with Alaric the
Goth, iv. 72.

Lance, holy, narrative of the miraculous
discovery of, vii. 238.

Land, how assessed by the Roman em-
perors, ii. 278. How divided by the
Barbarians, iv. 450. Allodial, and
Salic, distinguished, 452. Of Italy,
how partitioned by Theodoric the Os-
trogoth, v. 13.

Laodicea, its ancient splendour, i. 56.
Lascaris, Theodore, establishes an empire
at Nice, vii. 356. His character, 391.
Lascaris, Theodore II. his character, vii.
393.

Lascaris, Janues, the Greek grammarian,
his character, viii. 85.

Latin church, occasion of its separation
from the Greek church, vii. 300. Cor-
ruption and schism of, viii. 60. Re-
union of, with the Greek church, 73.
The subsequent Greek schism, 95.
Latium, the right of, explained, i. 41.
Laura, in monkish history, explained, iv.

388.

Law, review of the profession of, under
the emperors, ii. 255.

Laws of Rome, review of, v. 302. Those
of the kings, 304. Of the twelve tables,
305. Of the people, 309. Decrees of
the senate, and edicts of the prætors,
310. Constitutions of the emperors,
312. Their rescripts, 315. The three
codes of, ibid. The forms of, ibid.
Succession of civil lawyers, 317. Re-
formation of, by Justinian, 324. Abo-
lition and revival of the penal laws,
366.

Lazi, the tribe of, in Colchos, account
of, v. 234.

Le Clerc, character of his ecclesiastical
history, vi. 2. note.
Legacies and inheritances taxed by Au-
gustus, i. 182. How regulated by the
Roman law, v. 356.

Legion, in the Roman army under the
emperors, described, i. 14. General

distribution of the legions, 19. The
size of, reduced by Constantine the
Great, ii. 262.

Leo of Thrace is made emperor of the
East, by his master Aspar, iv. 337.
Was the first Christian potentate who
was crowned by a priest, 338. Con-
fers the empire of the West on Anthe-
mius, 339. His armament against the
Vandals in Africa, 343. Murders As-
par and his sons, v 3.

Leo III. emperor of Constantinople, vi.
93. His edicts against images in
churches, 158. Revolt of Italy, 167.
Leo IV. emperor of Constantinople, vi. 96.
Leo V. emperor of Constantinople, vi.

101..

Leo VI. the philosopher, emperor of
Constantinople, vi. 113. Extinguishes
the power of the senate, vii. 28.
Leo, bishop of Rome, his character and
embassy from Valentinian III. to At-
tila king of the Huns, iv. 296. Inter-
cedes with Genseric king of the Van-
dals for clemency to the city of Rome,
310. Calls the council of Chalcedon,
vi. 29.

Leo III. pope, his miraculous recovery
from the assault of assassins, vi. 191.
Crowns Charlemagne emperor of the
Romans, 192.

Leo IV. pope, his reign, vi. 449. Founds
the Leonine city, 451.
Leo IX. pope, his expedition against the
Normans of Apulia, vii. 115. His trea-
ty with them, 116.

Leo, archbishop of Thessalonica, one of
the restorers of Greek learning, vii.

43.

Leo, general of the East, under the em-
peror Arcadius, his character, iv. 177.
Leo Pilatus, first Greek professor at Flo-
rence, and in the West, his character,
viii. 81.

Leo, the Jew proselyte, history of his
family, viii. 207.

Leonas, the quæstor, his embassy from
Constantius to Julian, iii. 90.
Leonine city at Rome founded, vi. 451.
Leontius is taken from prison, and cho-
sen emperor of Constantinople, on the
deposition of Justinian II. vi. 89.
Leovigild, Gothic king of Spain, his cha-
racter, iv. 410. Revolt and death of his
son Hermenegild, 411.

Letters, a knowledge of, the test of civi-
lisation in a people, i. 244.
Lewis the Pious, emperor of the Ro-
mans, vi. 201.

Lewis II. emperor of the Romans vi. 201.
His epistle to the Greek emperor Basil
I. vii. 102.

Libanius, his account of the private life
of the emperor Julian, iii. 102. And
of his divine visions, 129. Applauds
the dissimulation of Julian, 131. His
character, 181. His eulogium on the
emperor Valens, 363.

Liberius, bishop of Rome, is banished by
the emperor Constantius, for refusing
to concur in deposing Athanasius, iii.
52.61.

Liberty, public, the only sure guardians
of, against an aspiring prince, i. 67.
Licinius is invested with the purple by the
emperor Galerius, ii. 17. His alliance
with Constantine the Great, 37. De-
feats Maximin, 38. His cruelty, 39.
Is defeated by Constantine at Cibalis,
43. And at Mardia, 44. Peace con-
cluded with Constantine, 45. Second
civil war with Constantine, 50. His
humiliation and death, 54.

--, fate of his son, ii. 296. Concur.
red with Constantine in publishing the
edict of Milan, 391. Violated this en.
gagement by oppressing the Chris-
tians, 397. Cæcilius's account of his
vision, 403.

Lieutenant, Imperial, his office and rank,
i. 71.

Lightning, superstition of the Romans
with reference to persons and places
struck with, i. 384.

Limigantes, Sarmatian slaves, expel their
masters, and usurp possession of their
country, ii. 307. Extinction of, by Con.
stantius, 359.

Literature, revival of, in Italy, viii. 78.
Ancient use and abuse of, 91.
Lithuania, its late conversion to Christi-
anity, vii. 98.

Litorius, count, is defeated and taken
captive in Gaul by Theodoric, iv. 272.
Liutprand, king of the Lombards, attacks
the city of Rome, vi. 173.
Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, ambassa-
dor to Constantinople, ceremony of his
audience with the emperor, vii. 21.
Logos, Plato's doctrine of, iii. 8. Is ex-
pounded by St. John the Evangelist,
9. Athanasius confesses himself un-
able to comprehend it, 13. Contro-
versies on the eternity of, 17.
Logothete, great, his office under the
Greek emperors, vii. 19.

Lombardy, ancient, described, i. 24.
Conquest of, by Charlemagne, vi, 176.