would encourage the roots to fork, and become cankered; shallow drills an inch deep, and nine inches apart, are preferable to broad-cast sowing, as the seeds are difficult to rake in, and the earth for covering the seed should be broken very fine; sowing in drills admits of the hoe being used much more expeditiously, besides a more regularly-disposed crop and a saving of seed; old roots may now be planted to produce seeds.

Cauliflower.-Sow in a warm situation for the summer supply to succeed the August-sown; choose a piece of the lightest and richest ground for this pur pose; cover the seed lightly and evenly, and do not sow thick. In the last week the autumn-raised plants should be planted out in rich ground and attended to with water if necessary.

Celery. Where there is a desire to have early or large Celery for exhibition, and plants cannot be procured from some large garden, and in the absence of a dung-bed, sow seed in a shallow box filled with rich soil, and cover it lightly with mould; it may be either protected in the Cucumberpit in April, or with hoops and a mat, or taken into the house at night, exposing it in fine weather.

Horse-Radish. To grow fine roots, plant about two inches of the crowns in a deep trench, and cover them with sifted coal-ashes, or drop the sets into deep holes made with a large dibble, and fill them up with light earth; choose any out-of-the way situation, as it is rather an unsightly plant, and not easily eradicated except by constant hoeing over for a season.

(To be continued.)

ARCHERY.

TO THR EDITOR OF THE 'MIRROR.' SIR,- Having often experienced the arrow splitting in the nock at the instant of discharging it from the bow, and also having tried many ways to remedy this defect, I thought of applying the electrotype process, so as to attach a copper sheathing to the nock of the arrow in place of horn; this sheathing closely fitting without requiring the aid of any cement, perfectly fortifies the arrow, with out adding more to its weight than the horn that is usually inserted at the nock, and having, after many trials, found the contrivance to answer perfectly, I venture to recommend this mode of protection to all who take an interest in the healthful exercise of archery.-I am yours truly,

F. NORTON. P.S.-Perhaps I ought to have said that the end of the arrow should be blackleaded as high up as may be desirable, say three quarters of an inch, and the copper deposited in the ordinary manner of electrotyping.

LIFE AND ITS DUTIES.

BY PROFESSOR LONGFELLOW.
LIFE is real! Life is earnest !!
And the grave is not its goal;
"Dust thou art, to dust returnest,"
Was not spoken of the soul.
Not enjoyment and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.
Art is long, and time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.

In the world's broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!
Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,-act in the living Present!

Heart within, and God o'erhead!
Lives of great men all remind us

We can make our lives sublime,
And departing, leave behind us

Footsteps on the sands of time;
Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o'er life's solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.
Let us, then, be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,

Learn to labour and to wait.

THE CIRCASSIAN WOMEN.-On all occasions the Circassians testify much consideration for them. If a horseman falls in with a woman going the same road, he alights, and requests her to mount: if she declines, he accompanies her on foot as far as their path lies together. But they are not allowed to be in idleness: they are obliged to share all the labour with the slaves. To the latter is allotted the fieldwork, and the former are charged with the household affairs. Even wealthy women, who, from the number of their servants, are freed from the drudgery of housewifery, do not cease to be well occupied in all the matters relating to clothing. The laws of chastity are known and respected in this country. It is undoubtedly from an excessive delicacy towards these laws that custom prohibits young married people from being found together in a company, especially in the presence of their elders. If it accidentally happens that they meet, even amongst their nearest relations, and the wife is surprised by the chance arrival of the husband, the other women conceal her, by ranging themselves before her, and withdraw her in this manner. If it is the husband who is in this predicament, he escapes by the window. In general, the Circassian women are tolerably pretty, but their beauty does not deserve the reputa tion which it has obtained. Journal of the Asiatic Society.

THE NOBLE HOUSE OF SANDWICH. THIS family is descended from the same ancestor as the Ducal House of Manchester-the extinct Earls of Halifax and the late Duke of Montague. Its immediate progenitor was Sir Sidney Montague, Master of the Court of Requests to Charles I. In 1640, Sir Sidney sat for the county of Huntingdon in Parliament, but was expelled, and committed to the Tower in 1642 for declining to subscribe an oath framed by the house, pledging the members" to live and die with their general, Lord Essex." He married Paulina, daughter of John Pepys, Esq., of Cottenham, in the county of Cambridge, and died September 25, 1644. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Edward, who also represented the county of Huntingdon, and was a distinguished commander under the parliamentary banner. He became joint High Admiral of England, in which capacity he had sufficient influence to induce the whole fleet to acknowledge King Charles II on his restoration. For this service he was elevated to the peerage by that monarch, July 12, 1660, his titles being Baron Montague, Viscount Hinchinbroke, and Earl of Sandwich. He also received the Order of the Garter, and was appointed Master of the Great Wardrobe, Admiral of the Narrow Seas, and Lieutenant Admiral to the Duke of York, who was then Lord High Admiral of England.

At the coronation of the King, his lordship carried Saint Edward's staff. He married Jemima, daughter of John, Lord Crew, of Stene, by whom he had six sons and four daughters. The eldest son succeeded him; the second, who was named Sidney, married Anne, the daughter and heir of Sir Francis Wortley, Baronet, of Wortley, in the county of York, and assumed the surname of Wortley. He sat in Parliament, and was one of those who, in the subse

Her let

quent reign, invited William of Orange over to this country. His son, Edward Wortley Montagu, married Lady Pierrepont, daughter of Evelyn, first Duke of Kingston, a lady who became celebrated as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. She accompanied him on his embassy to the Turkish court. ters, purporting to have been written thence, but which, it has been said, were mainly produced by contemporary wits with whom she associated, are universally known. He attained high renown as a naval commander, and lost his life in the great sea fight with the Dutch, off Southwold Bay, May 28, 1672.

This

His eldest son Edward succeeded him, who was united to Anne, fourth daughter of Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington; and on his death, in February, 1688-9, the title went to his son of the same name. nobleman became Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Hunting. don. He married Eliza, second daughter of John William Earl of Rochester, and sister and co-heir of Charles, the third Earl; on his death, October 20, 1729, he was succeeded by his grandson, John, fourth Earl of Sandwich. He was the son of Edward Richard Viscount Hinchinbroke, who died in 1722. His lordship was an eminent diplomatist and statesman. He assisted at the important congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. Subsequently to that date, he became Secretary of State, and first Lord of the Admiralty. In March, 1740-41, he married Judith, daughter of Charles Viscount Fane, &c.; on his decease, in 1792, the title devolved on his only surviving son John, who married first, in 1766, Elizabeth, only surviving daughter of George, second Earl of Halifax, by whom he had a son, George Viscount Hinchinbroke. His lordship afterwards married, in 1772, Lady Mary Paulatt, daughter of Harry, sixth and last

Duke of Bolton, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. He died in 1814, and was succeeded by his eldest son, George John, born March 5, 1772, and married July 9, 1804, to Louisa, daughter of Armar, first Earl of Belmore, by whom he had issue the present earl and two daughters. He died on the 20th May, 1818. The present earl was born November 8, 1811; he married, in 1838, Lady Mary Paget, daughter of the Marquis of Anglesey, by whom has issue, Charles George Henry Viscount Hinchin. broke, born July 13, 1839.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

THE Council having referred the communication made to them at their last meet

ing by his Grace the Duke of Richmond, on the results obtained by the application of sulphuric acid and bones, as a manure for turnips, to the Journal Committee, Philip Pusey, Esq., M.P., the chairman of that committee, has recommended to the Council the publication of the following reports on that subject:

I. THE DUKE OF RICHMOND'S EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments made on turnips with five different kinds of manure, on the farm of Gordon Castle, in the year 1843. The seed (Dale's yellow hybrid) was sown on the 15th of June, and as it was wished to ascertain the result while the duke was at the castle, the turnips, before they came to maturity, were taken up on the 3rd of No. vember, and carefully topped and weighed. 1st.-One imperial acre, manured with 8 bushels of bones and 14 cubic yards of farm-yard dung, at an expense of 3l., produced 12 tons.

2nd. One ditto, manured with 2 cwt. 91 lbs. of guano, at an expense of 17. 17s. 4d., produced 11 tons, 4 cwt.

3rd. One ditto, manured with 16 bushels of bones, at an expense of 17. 16s., produced

11 tons.

4th.-One ditto, manured with 83 lbs. of sulphuric acid and 2 bushels of bone-dust, mixed with 400 gallons of water, at an expense of 11s. 6d., produced 12 tons, 4 cwt.

5th. One ditto, manured with 83 lbs. of sulphuric acid, mixed with 8 bushels of bones, and sown with the hand, at an expense of 1. 5s., produced 11 tons.

(Signed) THOMAS BELL,
Farm Steward.

II.-DR MANSON'S EXPERIMENTS. My field of twenty-one acres was last autumn deeply ploughed with three horses out of oat stubble, it having previously carried a wheat crop after two years' ley, well manured. In the spring it underwent the usual process of cleaning, and re

ceived about the 1st of June twenty-five quarters of Linksfield lime. Drilling and sowing commenced upon the 10th, allowing four bushels of bones and ninety-six pounds of sulphuric acid, properly diluted with water, to the acre. The manure was prepared by putting into a large vat, placed in a corner of the field to be sown, thirtytwo bushels of bone-dust; and for each bushel was added ninety-six pounds of water and twenty-four of sulphuric acid; there were thus in the vat at once thirtytwo bushels of bones, three hundred and eighty-four gallons of water, and forty-seven and a half gallons of sulphuric acid. The whole was allowed to lie for a fortnight previous to use, when it was found that the sulphuric acid had nearly dissolved all the bones. The mixture was then drawn off and added to water, in a large watermixture to fifty of water, and it was discart, in the proportion of one gallon of the tributed to the drills from three spouts into three drills at a time. The drills were previously slightly harrowed down, and liquid manure. Owing to the great drought immediately drilled upon receiving the which prevailed at the time of sowing, and the very recent liming, very few of the seeds vegetated till after the rain, which fell about a month from the time of sowing. The heavy gale which prevailed about this time cut down the greater part of the early plants, and has thus left the field deficient in some places. I observed that after the field came to be singled, it underwent that process in the order in which it was sown; thirteen acres having been sown with farm-yard manure, and the remaining eight with the bones and sulphuric acid, the plants from the acid keeping the lead of those sown with court manure, and are to-day a heavier crop, though not looking quite so healthy in the blade, owing to their having come earlier to maturity. The expense, 17. per acre, viz. four bushels of bones at 2s. 6d., 10s.; sulphuric acid, 96lbs. at 1d., 10s. Those laid down with court manure received 20 cart-loads per acre, at 2s. 6d. per load, 27. 10s. Weight, per imperial acre, as ascertained on 15th November, the date of weighing:

Tons. cwts. lbs. Sulphuric acid and bones 12 5 80 per imp.acre. 10 17 104 ditto Court manure .

(Signed) D. D. MANSON. Spynie, Oct. 20, 1843.

Prussian Exhibition.-It is announced in the German papers that at Berlin there is to be during the present year a public exhibition of the products of National Industry, similar to that in Paris. It is to remain open for two months; and all the states of the German Customs Union are invited to send specimens.

Reviews.

The Local Historian's Table Book of Remarkable Occurrences connected with New

castle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland, and Durham. By M. A. Richardson. Smith, Old Compton street, Soho square. THE march of literature has given us the history of most places in England, but we know of no locality which has been attended to by a more careful, diligent, and persevering annalist than Mr Richardson has proved himself. Fairly and sufficiently to describe his performance would Occupy many columns. We must make short work of it by saying that it embraces everything that can interest the native or inhabitant of Newcastle, &c., be his taste what it may; and the immense assemblage of remarkable incidents and surprising narrations which he has brought together, render it a highly amusing miscellany to the general reader. With exemplary honesty, he scarcely takes a paragraph of half a dozen lines from any author or publication without giving his authority. This, while it proves that Mr Richardson does not wish to gain for himself praise which belongs to others, renders his book truly valuable for universal reference.

It opens with an ably-written inquiry into the character of the ancient Britons, and, with not a little of the amor patriæ, the author contends for the high antiquity of Englishmen, as also for their bravery, and he boldly insists that they could never be the uncultivated barbarians Cæsar represents them to have been at the time of his invasion. The conclusion to which Mr Richardson comes we transcribe. A fair idea of his pains-taking industry will be gained from the notes appended.

"It may be proper to premise that, at the early period at which they must have migrated to the shores of Britain, the art of alphabetically recording events and communicating thoughts by means of letters had not been divulged. Previously to the discovery of this divine system of intercourse, it is known to all who have paid the least attention to the subject, that hieroglyphic symbols were in use among all the oriental nations where the sciences were first cultivated. Every nation is supposed to have had its own peculiar system of symbols for perpetuating the memory of great historical events, and all subjects deemed worthy of record; those of Babylon, Assyria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, &c., being all somewhat different; and one of the charges against the Britons was the practice of such like occult mysteries.

"Another practice of the ancient oriental nations, as a substitute for writing, and to transmit great events, was the setting up of stones. The investigation of the mystic emblems of antiquity which were adopted by

rational.

the eastern sages, has, perhaps, been too long neglected by competent mythologists to be ever now satisfactorily pursued; otherwise much that may seem preposterous in the customs of the primitive Britons might be interpreted as appropriate, ingenious, and to praise or condemn this or that which we happen to have heard of their deeds, taken in the abstract, as good or evil, benevolent or cruel; but to examine into such evidences as yet remain connected with their religious rites, with the solemnization of their moral engagements, and with the perpetuation of historical events; and by means of these links to endeavour to associate them with a parentage less equivocal than that implied by Scythian or Celt; further, therefore, than the identifying of them, by analogy, as far as facts authorize, we shall have no cause to speculate.

Our business is, not to sit down

"The genealogy of the human race, with an account of the places of public worship in primeval times, and of the mode of ratifying moral contracts previously to the inven

tion of letters, have been very circumstantially described by Moses in what may be pronounced the first of all written books. The continuation, for many after ages, of the same kind of symbolical means, for the like religious and moral ends, is affirmed by a succession of sacred and profane writers. That it is by no means going too far to assert that the Pentateuch is the first specimen of an alphabetic writing, will, it is presumed, adduced in what appertains to the question be amply demonstrated by the circumstances of the real origin of the Primitive Britons. Some facts brought together with respect to the construction of devotional temples in the pristine ages; some inquiry, also, into the manner of rendering contracts binding and permanent by the erection of stones of testimony; of memorializing great events by the setting up of large pillars of stone; and of the dedication of sepulchral monuments, will, it is presumed, be sufficient to sanction a decisive verdict. After the production of a body of evidence of this sort, all that will remain to be done in order to establish a genealogical lineage between the first colonists of Britain and the most exemplary and virtuous people of Asia, in times of the highest antiquity, as far as inquiry can be rationally carried, will be to examine what are called Druidical temples and memorials, of which there are specimens in abundance in every county of Great Britain, and to satisfy ourselves how far these fabrics and appurtenances of religion correspond with those described as used by the most faithful and devout followers of truth.

"In order not to unnecessarily extend the present inquiry, the means originally employed for the establishment of public worship, and of founding and consecrating religious temples-of performing and solemnizing moral engagements-of commemorating events-of erecting tombstones and other mementos, have been simply referred to for the sake of establishing the analogy proposed without any extracts, as every one having a bible can readily turn to the instances cited in the

subjoined note for an account of the particular transactions connected with each affair."

The Sequential System of Musical Notation. An entirely new Method of writing Music in strict conformity with Nature, and essentially free from all obscurity and intricacy. By Arthur Wallbridge. THIS is no less than an attempt to subvert entirely the present method of writing music, and to induce the world to adopt an improved one, which is laid down in the pamphlet under our notice. It differs in almost every point from that in present use, which Mr Wallbridge considers arbitrary, unnatural, and full of absurdities and contradictions. He commences by defining the octave, or, as he calls it, sequence, and on this foundation he rears the 'Se

quential System.' He considers the sequence to consist of twelve distinct sounds, each one being provided with a name and sign for itself, slightly varied to express the particular sequence in the general scale. From these twelve "absolute qualities

* "FIRST FOUNDATIONS FOR PUBLIC WORSHIP. -Noah built an altar for the purpose of public thank-offerings. Whether this was of earth or stone is not mentioned. Gen. viii, 20.-Abram set up an altar, on a mount to which is given the name of Beth-el, which expressly signifies a House of God. Gen. xii, 7, 8.-Jacob set up a pillar at Luz, the name of which place he changed to Beth-elGod's House; or, according to the marginal reading, the place of God's Worship. Gen. xxviii, 18, 22. Jacob, moreover, built another altar, which he dedicated' 'To the God of Israel,' in consequence of

the miracle that occurred when his name was

changed. Gen. xxxii, xxxiii.—Another similar place of worship was also erected by him, called the House of God's Appearance, from the divine vision he had at the spot. Gen. xxxv, 7.-Moses is required to make an altar of earth. Exod. xx, 24.-Also one of unhewn stone without steps. Exod. xx, 26.Again, Moses publicly proclaims that the altar of Mount Ebal shall be constructed of unhewn stones, &c. Deut. xxvii, 1, 8.-Joshua built the altar on Mount Ebal as Moses had ordered. Josh. iv, 3, 7; viii, 30, 31.-Hosea reproves the many altars of iniquity set up to the rich. Hos. xii, 7, 11.

"ORIGINAL STONE VOUCHERS FOR CONTRACTS. -Jacob and Laban, as we read, cause a stone testimony to be piled up to publicly ratify a treaty of peace between them. Gen. xxxi, 45, 54.-Joshua, on obtaining a promise from a general assembly of the people, consecrated the covenant also by setting up a great stone. Josh. xxiv, 26, 27.

"EARLY STONE MEMENTOS RAISED OVER GRAVES.-Jacob set up a pillar on the grave of Rachel. Gen. xxxv, 20.-Joshua commemorated the Execution of Achan for his crime by raising a great heap of stones on his grave. Josh. vii, 26.Also, the death of the King of Ai, whom he hanged, on his grave he set up a great heap of stones. Josh. viii, 29.-Joab and the people laid a very great heap of stones on the grave of Absalom. 2 Sam. xviii, 17. The stones of Bohan (Joshua xv, 6; xviii, 17); also the stone of Ezel are considered to have been sepulchral stones, which, it will be seen, were sometimes tokens of honour, sometimes of reproach or ignominy. 1 Sam. xx, 19.

"STONES OF EXULTATION AND FEASTING.-We find that Adonijah, having treasonably usurped the throne, held a great feast by the stone of Zoheleth. 1 Kings i, 9."

(or fixed sounds) he selects the gamut of seven notes, which he calls "relative qualities." The gamut is either major or minor, and is written on the lines and spaces of a staff of three lines, this being Deparexactly sufficient to contain it. tures from the gamut, or key, he will only allow to be called flat or sharp, and these are marked by an appropriate variation in the note itself. The places of the notes on the staff do not represent the fixed sounds, as at present, but point out the intervals of the key-thus the note on the upper space is always the dominant, whatever sound which forms the key-note is set in may be the tonic. The particular fixed the staff at the commencement of the piece, and remains in force throughout if not contradicted by a succeeding sign of another fixed sound. This determines what seven sounds, selected from the "absolute twelve, form the gamut of that key, and answer to the "relative" notes on the

staff.

The various times, and all the crotchet and quaver family are next reviewed and simplified; and the pamphlet concludes with various alterations of the terms, signs, and directions used in musical notation.

The advantage of this "sequential" plan is that it clears away all the artificial difficulties of music, leaving the natural only, which, in our opinion, are sufficiently formidable: the great disadvantage evidently is its unrecognised condition. How is it to be established? How is it to supplant our present method? The musical profession will sneer at it, and if necessary oppose it; and that the public will side with the proposed innovation, though such a course might be to their advantage, we much

doubt.

THE BANKRUPT'S PRAYER.
My wishes within narrow bounds
I keep, that I may shun reproach;
Weekly allow me, pray, five pounds,

That I may keep a private coach.

Of trifling ills I will not speak;

I scorn the vanities of life! But let me have three pounds a week To furnish jewels for my wife. These things I ask; and that my suit Is just-is liberal-none deny! Concede them, then, without dispute, Or I shall pine, despair, and die! MODESTY.

Hiscellaneous.

MR WINSTANLEY, THE BUILDER OF THE ORIGINAL EDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE. -The first lighthouse of any consequence erected on this rock was under.