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common or general meaning; for the young hero does not say, in the common and unemphatic sense of the word think, that he is tortured even to madness when he thinks on Cæsar, but on the strong and emphatic sense of this word, which implies not only "when I hear or discourse of him, but even when I think of him, I'm tortured even to madness."

As the word think therefore rises above the common level of signification, it is pronounced above the common level of sound: and as this signification is opposed to a signification less forcible, the word may be properly said to be emphatical. For we must carefully remember, that emphasis is that stress we lay on words which are in opposition or contradistinction to other words, expressed or understood.

For a more exact idea of the nature of emphasis, See Elements of Elocution: Introduction to the Theory of Emphasis, page 189.

On the different Forces of Emphatic Words.

Ir is impossible not to have observed in the last article, that the emphatic words of the latter kind, where but one part of the antithesis is expressed, are pronounced much more forcibly than those where both parts of the antithesis are laid down, and the opposition appears at full length. The reason seems to be this: as emphasis always implies opposition, either expressed or understood, when this opposition is expressed it is sufficiently obvious, and needs not a more forcible pronunciation than accented words to make it perceived; but when only one emphatic word is expressed, and the other understood, it is necessary to increase the force upon

the word expressed, that what is in opposition to it, and is not expressed, may become more obvious and intelligible.

If these observations are just, we see an evident reason why most of those books which mark the emphatical words in Italics make almost every significant word emphatical; and why this practice is so much decried by others, as a useless multiplication of emphasis:-both these parties are in the right. The former perceiving great numbers of words in opposition to each other, very properly considered them as emphatical: and perceiving at the same time, that almost every substantive, adjective, and verb, had as much force in the pronunciation as these emphatical words, they knew not how to draw the line between them, and so marked them all indiscriminately as emphatical. The latter finding that very few words were pronounced more forcibly than the words we have just been describing, concluded that very few words were emphatical, because so few were to be pronounced more forcibly than the rest. Thus, for want of a distinction between the two kinds of emphatic words, neither party seems to have understood where the fault lay.

It must be confessed, however, that the practice of marking so many words in Italics, as emphatical, without distinguishing between emphasis expressed, and emphasis understood: and without telling us precisely the degree of force to be given to the words unmarked, was a much greater source of errour than denying emphasis to such words as had no more force than common substantives, adjectives, and verbs. The latter opinion would at least leave the understanding to judge for itself, while the former would often mislead it. Marking every signifi

cant word as emphatical, tends greatly to give a turgid and bombastic pronunciation to common words, at the same time that it lessens our attention to such as really deserve extraordinary force. This cannot be better explained than by quoting a passage from one of the best books of this kind, and making a few observations on it. The passage I intend to consider is the latter part of Pope's prologue to Cato, as I find it in the Art of Speaking, p. 86.

Britons, attend! be worth like this approv'd,
And show you have the virtue to be mov'd,
With honest scorn the first fam'd Cato view'd
Rome learning arts from Greece, whom she subdu'd.
Our scene precariously subsists too long
On French translation and Italian song.
Dare to have sense yourselves: assert the stage:

Be justly warm'd with your own native rage.
Such plays alone should please a British ear,
As Cato's self had not disdain'd to hear.

This passage is in general pretty accurately marked but if we conceive the words in Roman letters to have exactly the same force as the unaccented syllables of the others, we shall soon see that many significant words are thrown too much into the shade. I know it will be said that these significant words, though they have not the force of the marked words, are still to have a sufficient degree of force to express their meaning. But this is the very errour I am combating this is the vague indefinite rule that echoes through all our books of this kind: this is the old asylum of ignorance and idleness, the constant recourse of those who, for want of ideas, pay us with words. The truth is, we must necessarily give these words the same force as the other words, or only the force of unaccented syllables; between these two forces there is no medium. The line is drawn by nature be

tween accent and no accent; and unless we studiously strive to do it, we cannot help striking the two forces in exact proportion to each other. If we pronounce the accented syllable stronger, the unaccented will be stronger likewise, and inversely. Those, therefore, who pronounce the accented syllable too feebly, will be too feeble in those that are unaccented: but we need only make them enforce the former, and the latter will be infallibly rectified.

An Examination of the Propriety of marking the Words in the foregoing Passage.

The word this, in the first line, is certainly entitled to as much force as worth and approved; and show, in the next line, to as much as virtue and moved. Honest scorn, in the third line, is impassioned, and will admit of emphasis above the accented words, as it may, very agreeably to the sense, be supposed to have this antithesis: not merely with dislike, but with scorn. The word first, in the same line, may be said to be emphatical in the same manner, as it points out Cato the Censor, in opposition to Cato of Utica, the hero of the prologue. In the fifth, the words precariously subsists must necessarily have more force than so many unaccented syllables, and ought therefore to have been in Italics, as well as the words too long. The sixth line needs no comment; every significant word is in opposition to another word, and is therefore emphatical. But in the next line, the word yourselves, which is opposed to others, not expressed (see pp. 132, 133, 134, &c.) and therefore highly emphatical; this word, I say, is not distinguished from the word sense, or any other

words that have common force, and is therefore confounded with them: whereas this word ought to have as much more force than the accented words as they have more than the unaccented. The next line affords us an errour of the same kind: the word native is emphatical, as it is opposed to foreign, not expressed, and therefore ought to have extraordinary force. The word rage, which is the elliptical word (see pp. 134, 135, 136, &c.) common both to foreign and native, ought no more to have the force of native, than if the antithesis had been expressed at length, in this manner: "Be justly warmed, not with foreign rage, but with your own native rage:" nor can we possibly pronounce rage with the same force as native without depriving native of its emphasis. Let it not be objected that rage is too significant a word to be sunk into an unaccented syllable of native; for if native be pronounced with its proper force, rage, though unaccented, will be more forcible than an unaccented syllable of a merely accented word. The last line affords an opportunity of strengthening the former observations, by some which are very similar, and founded on the same reasons. The word self, in this line, is highly emphatical, as such an emphasis suggests this meaning: "Such plays alone should please a British ear, not only as a person of good sense and nice morals would approve, but such as even Cato himself would approve;" for this meaning is not only agreeable to the sense of the author, but greatly enforces and illustrates it.

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