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at Huesca, about the middle of the seventeenth century. He painted landscapes and historical pieces, drew correctly, and coloured elegantly. He both etched and engraved, and executed, among other plates, a view of the façade of the University of Huesca, of which he was the architect, and in which he founded and endowed a chair of mathematics, and taught in it himself many years. He also contrived and carried into effect an efficient plan for irrigating the plains in the vicinity of Huesca, a valuable service. He was likewise the author of several works in various departments of knowledge. He wrote a Treatise upon Mathematics; one upon Spanish Eloquence; another upon Elemental Fortification, and a Comedy upon the Glories of Aragon in the conquest of Huesca and in the battle of Alcoraz, “ Blazones de Aragon en la Conquista de Huesca y Batalla de Alcoraz." He died in 1711. He wrote a Memoir upon himself. (Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.) R. N. W. ARTIGAS, FERNANDO JOSE', descended from a respectable family, originally of Spain, was born at Monte Video, about the year 1760. He appears to have received little or no education; to have quitted his native town when very young, and to have joined the gauchos, or shepherds, for whose roving life he had conceived a very strong inclination. With these people he continued nearly twenty years, adopted their habits, and seemed to have lost all recollection of his family and birth-place. At the head of a band of the most resolute of these men he carried on the trade of a contrabandista, or smuggler. Every effort of the governor of Monte Video to put him down proved unavailing; he would engage and rout the king's troops, till at length his very name carried terror with it. But he was a strict disciplinarian, respected the property of others, and only attacked those who interfered with him in the prosecution of his illegal traffic. In order to check the excesses of the gauchos, a provincial corps of irregular light cavalry had been established, called Blendingues. Artigas in the meantime had become known again to his family, by whom he had long been considered as lost, and his father earnestly sought his pardon from the governor of Monte Video. This officer conceived that it would be sound policy to avail himself of the reputation and local knowledge which Artigas had acquired among his roving comrades, for the purpose of checking or punishing their irregularities. He therefore granted him his pardon, and conferred on him the rank of captain in the corps of Blendingues.

Artigas remained faithful to his trust until the breaking out of the Revolution, when his restless and independent spirit found itself in its true element. He soon abandoned the cause of the mother country, and placed

himself again at the head of the gauchos. Over these people, remarkable for their love of disorder, their ignorance, fanaticism, and insubordination, his boldness, sagacity, and unrivalled skill in all athletic exercises had procured him unbounded influence. His power throughout the Banda Oriental became daily more absolute. Having obtained from the revolutionists of Buenos Ayres arms and ammunition, he swept the country of the Spaniards, plundered their villages, and, uniting his forces with those of General José Rondeau, obtained several advantages over the regular troops, captured the towns of Minas, San Carlos, and Maldonado, and, in the month of May, 1811, gained a complete victory at Las Piedras over 1200 men of the army of Elio, the Spanish viceroy, with a far inferior force. In this action the general-in-chief of the Spanish forces fell into the hands of Artigas. Siege was now laid to Monte Video, but towards the end of the same year (1811) the siege was raised in consequence of the approach of the Portuguese, and proposals for peace made by the governor (Elio) were acceded to. To this treaty Artigas was an unwilling party. Hostilities recommenced in 1812, and in the month of December the siege of Monte Video was resumed, when Artigas, with his irregular forces, again co-operated with Rondeau.

Disunion, however, soon took place between the two leaders. It has been said that ambition began to operate upon the mind of Artigas; that he could ill brook acting in a subordinate capacity in a district where he had long been master: also that his men were irritated by the efforts of Rondeau to preserve discipline and prevent excesses, and that he himself was disgusted by the disrespect with which he was treated by the other officers. Some or all of these causes may have had their influence: the dissensions soon assumed a most serious aspect, and at length Artigas insisted upon directing the siege as chief of the provincials, Monte Video being situated in the Banda Oriental, while the general of Buenos Ayres, as commander of the auxiliaries, should act under his orders. In order to settle this dispute, which was regarded as arising from personal jealousy between the two generals, Don M. Sarratea, at that time a member of the supreme government, was sent to the camp before Monte Video, with directions to assume the command, and to issue his orders both to Rondeau and to Artigas. It was supposed that this course would oblige them to suspend their animosities, and thus prevent them from becoming injurious to the public service. The result, however, proved widely different. In order to avert the threatening storm, General Rondeau convened an Oriental congress for the purpose of nominating deputies for a national congress and appointing a provincial governor.

Artigas could not brook this interference | table the only two dilapidated rush-bottom upon what he considered his own territory. chairs in the hovel. To complete As chief of the Orientals, he commanded the singular incongruity of the scene, the the electors, in the name of the general go-floor of the one apartment of the hut (a pretty vernment, to receive their instructions from large one), in which the general, his staff, him at his head-quarters. The electors, and secretaries were assembled, was strewed however, assembled in the chapel of Maciee, with pompous envelopes from all the proand proceeded to discharge their trust with- vinces (some of them distant fifteen hundred out heeding this requisition. Artigas then, of miles from that centre of operation), adhis own authority, annulled the congress. dressed to His Excellency the Protector. At The election of deputies and a governor was, the door stood the reeking horses of couriers notwithstanding, proclaimed with military arriving every half-hour, and the fresh ones pomp in all the encampments, and the gover- of those departing as often. All was nor began to exercise his functions. Artigas referred to his Excellency the Protector, and was deeply incensed at this encroachment his Excellency the Protector, seated on his upon his assumed authority, and withdrew bullock's skull, smoking, eating, drinking, silently in the night with his men. dictating, talking, despatched in succession the various matters brought under his notice, with that calm or deliberate, but unintermitted nonchalance, which brought most practically home, to me the truth of the axiom Stop a little that we may go on faster.' He seemed a man incapable of bustle."

This step on the part of Artigas was met by proceedings no less unwise on the part of the new government. Posadas, the supreme director, issued a decree against him, by which he declared him infamous, deprived of his offices, and an outlaw. He further set a price upon his head of six thousand dollars, and this led to the civil war which threatened such fatal consequences to the newly established government. Artigas, when he left the camp before Monte Video, took with him about eight hundred men; as he advanced in the direction of the Entre Rios, the whole gaucho population flocked to his standard, and he soon found his forces increased to between two and three thousand. He called on Buenos Ayres to give the country a change of government, but Alvear, the general then in command before Monte Video, detached a body of troops against him, under command of General Quintana. Artigas defeated this force, and a similar fate attended five hundred men under Baron Holdenberg, who marched against him from Santa Fé, and was forced to surrender himself prisoner of war with all his men. Artigas next occupied Monte Video, which had been dismantled on its evacuation by the Spaniards, who had surrendered the town in the month of June, 1814. He then invaded the province of Buenos Ayres, made himself master of Santa Fé, and, after gaining several advantages over the government troops, compelled the junta to acknowledge him as independent chief of the Banda Oriental, to which dignity he added the title of Protector of Entre Rios and of Santa Fé.

Robertson's "Letters on Paraguay" contain the following lively picture of Artigas in his head-quarters at the town of Purification, in 1815:"I saw the most excellent Protector of half the New World seated on a bullock's skull, at a fire kindled on the mud floor of his hut, eating beef off a spit, and drinking gin out of a cow's horn. He was surrounded by a dozen officers in weather-beaten attire, in similar positions and similarly occupied with their chief. All were smoking—all gabbling. The Protector was dictating to two secretaries, who occupied at one deal

In January, 1815, Posadas resigned his office of supreme director, and was succeeded by Colonel Alvear, who forced the corporation (cabildo) of Buenos Ayres to issue against Artigas a proclamation similar to that of his predecessor, Posadas, and also sent some troops to recover Santa Fé. These having been defeated by the inhabitants of the town, Alvear determined to march against it in person at the head of two thousand men. His election to the supreme directorship had been extremely distasteful to the army and a large party in the republic. On the march towards Santa Fé, Ignacio Alvarez, who commanded the vanguard, at the head of several detachments declared in favour of Santa Fé, and seized Alvear. The cabildo of Buenos Ayres resumed the government, and Alvear was banished from the country. On the expulsion of Alvear, the proclamation against Artigas was publicly burnt by the cabildo, and overtures for a reconciliation made by the people of Buenos Ayres and Pueyrredon, the new director. They were well received by Artigas, but proved fruitless; the love of power, or personal and political dislike to the general government, ever offering insuperable difficulties to a reconciliation. Towards the end of the year 1816 he was obliged to turn his attention towards the Banda Oriental, over which district he had long exercised absolute authority. The continued hostility between the general government of Buenos Ayres and Artigas, and the exhausted state of the country and of the forces of the contending parties, encouraged the Portuguese to attempt to carry into effect a longcontemplated scheme of conquest. General Lecor was despatched by the Brazilian Government at the head of 10,000 men, with orders to invade the Banda Oriental. Artigas at first repulsed the attack, and was on many occasions victorious; but the advantage, upon

the whole, was on the side of the Portuguese, who, on the 20th of January, 1817, surprised Monte Video, and remained masters of it, notwithstanding all the efforts of Artigas to dislodge them. He called in vain on the government of Buenos Ayres to assist him in repelling the enemy. Pueyrredon, the director, protested against the advance of the Portuguese, but took no active steps, and is suspected, with others, of encouraging the invasion in order to effect the downfall of Artigas. In 1818 Artigas experienced still greater reverses, and was forced to treat with the general government; and for a time the report of an armament fitted out at Cadiz to operate against the republic seemed likely to lead to an adjustment between the contending parties. On the news of the revolution in Spain effected by Quiroga and Riego, these fears ceased, and the republicans of La Plata felt that it was then time to set limits to the ambitious projects of the chiefs who were at the head of the government. They knew the power of Artigas, and felt that they could depend upon him. On the other hand Pueyrredon ordered General Rondeau to march against him. The republicans availed themselves of this opportunity, gained over a great number of the officers and soldiers of Rondeau's army, who united themselves to that of Artigas, and then marched upon Buenos Ayres in order to complete the projected revolution. Pueyrredon and his party were compelled to fly, and Juan Pedro de Aguira was named provisional governor in his place. This change in the government did not, however, quiet the discord which had so long harassed the country. The question of a central or federal government had long been agitated, in which Artigas strongly advocated the latter form. A constant struggle for the supreme power was kept up; and, after passing through many hands, it once more fell into those of the enemies of Artigas, who was compelled again to take up arms in self-defence. His career was now drawing to a close. Towards the end of the summer of 1820, a lieutenant named Ramirez, who was in command of a post in the Entre Rios, with 800 men, suddenly fell upon him, dispersed his troops, and seized on the government of the province. Artigas took refuge in the destroyed missions, with about one thousand followers; and in September, 1820, determined to place himself in the hands of a body of Paraguays, who occupied the mission of Ytapua, as a preliminary step to requesting from Francia, the Dictator of Paraguay, an asylum for himself and his followers in that district. The request was complied with; but Francia, distrusting the men, dispersed them in various parts. The result justified this precaution; for hardly were they established in their new country than the greater number sought to maintain

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themselves by pillage. They were forthwith seized and shot. Those who were willing to occupy themselves in agriculture were furnished with the means of doing Artigas had sought an interview with the dictator, and wished to treat with him as the general of an army, but this was not allowed. He was conducted under a strong escort to the capital of Paraguay, and confined for a few days in the Convent of Mercy, whence he was removed to the village of Curuguaty, eighty-five leagues north-east of Assumption. Here a house and lands, and thirty-two piastres per month, his former pay as lieutenant of chasseurs, were assigned to him. The governor of the circuit was ordered to treat him with respect, and to furnish him with whatever accommodation he might require. He cultivated his farm with his own hands-became the father of the poor of Curuguaty, distributing among them the greater part of his produce, and rendering all the assistance in his power to such as were disabled by sickness. In these acts of peace and benevolence he closed a life of violence, disorder, and political strife, in the year 1825 or commencement of 1826.

It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to form a true estimate of the political conduct of Artigas. His dispute with the government of Buenos Ayres commenced with his separation from the besieging army before Monte Video. By some this step, under no circumstances justifiable, is treated as a deeply-laid scheme of ambition-as an attempt to maintain an equilibrium between Monte Video and Buenos Ayres, so that he might be feared and courted by both. He is further accused of intercepting the provisions destined for the besiegers. In June, 1814, Monte Video surrendered. When the garrison were on the eve of evacuating the place, an officer, it is said, was intercepted with a letter from Artigas, inviting the governor and troops of the captured town to put themselves under his protection, and make common cause against Buenos Ayres. The unworthy motives and conduct here attributed to Artigas may reasonably be doubted. In the "Outlines of the Revolution" it is expressly stated-" Artigas is a friend of independence; as a proof of which he refused the offers of the Spanish government, which would have made him brigadier to induce him to espouse the royal cause.' The reports of Rodney and Graham record that he was thought to be a firm friend to the independence of his country; and others suggest, with much probability, that his successes and his military talents had roused the jealousy of the Junta of Buenos Ayres, who feared his power and influence, and found in his inflexible attachment to liberty and independence a serious barrier against the accomplishment of their own ambitious views. His character is thus drawn by Funes-“General Artigas, that singular man, who united to ex

treme sensibility the appearance of coldness; | moirs—2. “Nouveaux Mémoires d'Histoire, a most insinuating urbanity to decent gra- de Critique, et de Littérature," 7 vols. Paris, vity; a daring frankness to courtesy ; an ex- 1749-1756, 12mo. This work is for the most alted patriotism to a fidelity at times suspi- part a compilation. It is that, however, upon cious; the language of peace to a native which Artigny's reputation mainly rests, and inclination to discord: in fine, a lively love of it comprises many rare and curious pieces and independence to most extravagant notions as dissertations upon points of literary history, to the mode of achieving it." (Funes, Ensayo displaying much sound and candid criticism. de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos The articles relating to the French poets were Ayres, y Tucuman, iii. 521, &c., Buenos taken by Artigny, without acknowledgment, Ayres, 1816, 1817; Rodney and Graham, from a manuscript history of them by the Abbé Reports on the Present State of the United Brun, deposited in the library of the seminary Provinces of South America, 93, 340-345, &c., of St. Sulpicius of Lyon. The Abbé Irailh 1819; Outline of the Revolution in Spanish | has drawn largely from Artigny's "MéAmerica, 241-269; Rengger and Long- moires" for his "Querelles Littéraires.” Archamp, Essai Historique sur la Révolution du tigny also left behind him in manuscript, in Paraguay, 39-90, 1827; Armitage, History an unfinished state, "Abrégé de l'Histoire of Brazil, from 1808 to 1831, i. 70-73, &c.; Universelle." (Archives Historiques du DéRabbe, Biographie des Contemporains; Ency-partement du Rhone, viii. 110, 111; Quérard, clopédie des Gens du Monde ; L'Art de Vérifier La France Littéraire ; Sabatier de Castres, les Dates depuis 1770 jusqu'à nos jours, xi. Les trois Siècles de la Littérature Française; 422-452; Robertson, Letters on Paraguay, Biographie Universelle.) J. W. J. ii. 179-183, iii. 100-110.) J. W. J. ARTIGENES, the name of an ancient physician quoted by Rhazes, which is also sometimes written Artigensus, Artigenisus, Artigenisius, Artiginisius, and Artigenensis. Probably all these words are corruptions of the Greek name Archigenes, the confusion being caused by the great similarity of the two Arabic letters Ta and Kaf. (Rhazes, Contin. lib. iii. cap. 7, lib. v. cap. 1, and in other places; Fabricius, Biblioth. Græca, vol. xiii. p. 86, ed. vet.) W. A. G. ARTIGNY, ANTOINE GACHAT D', canon of the metropolitan church of Vienne in Dauphiné, was born in that city on the 8th of November, 1706, and died in the same place on the 6th of May, 1778. He is said to have turned his attention early to literature and bibliographical inquiries; to have written verses at an early age, which he suppressed when his judgment had become more mature; and to have abandoned his literary pursuits towards the close of his life, in order to devote his time to the study of coins. Beyond this no incidents of his life are recorded. He wrote-1. "Relation de ce qui s'est passé dans une Assemblée tenue au bas de Parnasse, pour la reforme des belles-lettres," La Haye, 1739, 12mo. This work being well received, Artigny determined to publish a second edition, and entered into an arrangement for this purpose with Paupie, the publisher of the "Lettres Juives." Paupie, however, neglected his engagement, and ultimately transferred the manuscript to J. Neaulme, a printer at the Hague, who, after keeping it ten years, printed it in a collection called "Petit Réservoir contenant une variété de faits historiques et critiques," 5 vols. La Haye, 1750, 12mo. Artigny, who had made many attempts to get his manuscript from the hands of Paupie, republished the work with additions in the seventh volume of the following me

ARTIS, GABRIEL D', an ecclesiastic and polemical disputant, is said to have been born at Milhau, in the present department of Aveyron in France, in 1660. When he had finished his studies in connection with the Protestant church he went to Prussia, and became preacher of the French Protestant church in Berlin. When the Protestants were driven from France by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, D'Artis, himself in safety, expressed indignation against the clergy who had so deserted their flocks; and, in a controversy with Elie Benoît, maintained that they should have remained to bear the brunt of the persecution. This controversy produced discord in the Protestant communions, and he was suspended from his pastoral functions by the consistory of Berlin. He afterwards went to Holland; and on the 3rd of September, 1693, published the first number of a proposed periodical, to be called the "Journal d'Amsterdam." He did not continue this work under its proposed name. Removing to Hamburg, he there established the "Journal de Hambourg," which he continued from 1694 to 1696, and which constitutes five octavo volumes of literary and political criticism and local news. He afterwards returned to Berlin, where he was permitted to resume his pastoral functions. He was in that city in the year 1700, but having opened a new subject of dispute by finding traces of Socinianism in the opinions of his clerical brethren, he was again compelled to abandon his ministerial functions. He went to Deventer in Holland, in 1714. He afterwards went to Sweden, and thence to London, where he is supposed to have attached himself to a congregation of French Protestants. He appears to have been a convert from some other denomination of Protestants, and to have become a Lutheran, from the title of one of his works, which is given without date, in this form-" Duæ Epistolæ Gallicæ pro

Conversatione sua cum Bidalio, et Transitu | turned to Cahors, where he took a degree as ad Lutheranos." After his visit to London bachelor of laws. Tarisse, to whose person he recommenced his inquiry after Socinian he seems to have attached himself, had a opinions, taking for his field the French suit in relation to the priory of Cessenon translation of the New Testament by Beau- before the parliament of Toulouse. Thither sobre and Lenfant, in which, in a memoir D'Artis accompanied his patron to assist addressed to the Grand Marshal of Prussia, him with advice, and he took the opportunity he undertook to find sixty suspicious passages. of studying law under Guillaume Maran. At This naturally brought on a polemical battle Toulouse he secured the friendship of the with the translators, whose cause was de- president, Nicolas Verdun, who gave him the fended by Lenfant. In 1725 he seems to use of his library and the title of his librahave returned to this favourite subject, print- rian. Verdun being, in 1612, appointed ing the substance of his appeal to the Grand premier président of the parliament of Paris, Marshal of Prussia in the "Journal de Tré- D'Artis accompanied him thither. The voux, " under the title "Mémoire abrégé earliest of the works included in the colconcernant le Système et les Artifices des lected edition mentioned below is dated 1615, Sociniens Modernes." He is supposed to and is called " Athleta Christianus." In this have wandered in his latter days through little book there is a laboriously worked-out Germany and the Netherlands, and to have parallel between the physical training and died in England in 1730. It is to this year conflicts of the gladiator on the one side, and that, in the later editions of Brunet, is the mental exertions of the Christian making attributed the date of a curious anonymous war on all the elements of evil, on the other; work, said to be published by D'Artis in one side of the parallel is fortified by classiLondon, and called "La Maîtress Clé du cal authorities, the other chiefly by quotations Royaume des Cieux, qui est une clé d'or from the fathers. The work is characteristic d'Ophir, enrichie de perles du plus grand of the reputation which its author obtained as prix; ou Dissertation contre le Papisme" | a jurist—that of being one whose memory ("The Master Key to the Kingdom of Heaven, was stronger than his judgment; and at which is a key of gold of Ophir, ornamented the present day it would be termed serious with pearls of great price; or a Dissertation trifling. The professorship of canon law in against Popery"). For the full titles of his the University of Paris being vacant by other works see the authorities referred to. the death of Nicolas Oudin, D'Artis was (Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, with appointed his successor, on 29th May, 1618. Adelung's Supplement; Biog. Universelle, Guijon, who was dean of the faculty of law Suppl.) J. H. B. in the University, and royal professor of canon law, having died in 1622, was succeeded by D'Artis, 12th January, 1623. He appears to have owed his advancement solely to his talents and learning; at least, so far as these qualities could at that time be the sole foundation of a successful career in France. He was repeatedly offered advancement in the church, and is said to have refused to take orders because he would not bind himself to celibacy. He held his two chairs till his death, which occurred on 21st April, 1651. He bequeathed twenty thousand livres to the faculty of law at Paris; and, with the deduction of a few other legacies, left the remainder of his property to the Benedictines of St. Maur. Doujat, his successor, edited his works, in one volume, folio, in 1656, with the title "Joannis Dartis Antecessoris et Comitis, Regiique sacrorum canonum in Academia Parisiensi professoris, Opera Canonica in tres partes divisa: quarum prima continentur Commentarii in Universum Gratiani Decretum; secundo, Tractatus de Beneficiis Ecclesiasticis; tertia, Opuscula varia." The work on the collection of Decretals by Gratian fills the principal part of the volume, occupying 359 closely printed pages. It is a series of quotations and references, and forms a work in which the author's original composition holds no further place than that of the cement by which the other materials are

ARTIS, JEAN D', a writer on canon law and on other subjects connected with polemics and juridical antiquities. In the works of reference his name appears as it is here given; but both in the older biographical authorities, including the catalogues of the principal libraries, and in the title-pages of his own books, his name is Dartis. His birth would not naturally indicate his possession of the aristocratic "de" but he afterwards acquired rank, for he calls himself "comes" in his title-pages. From his father, however, being called “Dartis” in the older memoirs, it is probable that that was the family name. He was born at Cahors, in what is now the department of Lot, in the year 1572; his father, whose name was Pierre, being an affluent Roman Catholic citizen of that town. He began his studies at the Jesuits' College in his native town, and continued them at Rodez in Aveyron, in pursuance, it is said, of the advice of his mother's brother, who thought he showed a predisposition for the church. He was in Rodez in the year 1600, and he there formed a friendship with Jean Grégoire Tarisse, who was then prior of Cessenon, a small town of the Lower Languedoc, and who afterwards became "General" or principal of the congregation of St. Maur. After remaining for three years at Cessenon with his patron, he re

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