a competent knowledge of counterpoint, and at the end of two years had mastered all the most elaborate forms of composition. Arriaga combined profound scientific knowledge with large inventive power, of which his fugue for eight voices," Et vitam venturi," alone would be a sufficient evidence. On the violin his progress was no less rapid. His first published work was a set of quartets, printed at Paris in 1824. Nothing can be more original, more elegant, and more skilfully written than these quartets, which, nevertheless, have not attracted the general | attention they deserve. They were followed by an overture, a sinfonia, a mass for four voices, a "Salve Regina," some cantatas and romances. These compositions, which abound with evidences of their author's genius, are unpublished. The incessant application which he devoted to his art destroyed him: he shattered a naturally vigorous constitution by unremitted mental exertion, and in 1825 his career, so brilliant and full of promise, was terminated by an early death. (Fétis, Biographie Universelle des Musiciens.) E. T. ARRIA'GA, PABLO JOSEPH DE, a native of the Basque town of Vergara, was born in 1562, and became a Jesuit in 1579. Being sent by his superiors to Peru, he spent the remainder of his life in that country, where he founded missions and superintended establishments for education. He was successively rector of the college of his order at Arequipa, and of the college at Lima. Being sent to Rome as procurator of his province, he perished by shipwreck on the coast of Havana. Southwell and Antonio give lists of his works, of which the following were the principal:-1. "Directorio Espiritual," Lima, 1608, 16mo.. Seville, 1617, 8vo.

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Extirpacion de la Idolatria de los Indios del Piru y de los medios para la Conversion dellos," Lima, 1621, 4to. 3. "Rhetoris Christiani Partes Septem" (Latin), Lyon, 1619, 12mo. (Ribadeneira, Alegambe, and Southwell, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu, ed. 1676, p. 950; N. Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova.) W. S. ARRIA'GA, RODRIGO DE, born in 1592, at Logrono in Castile, entered the order of the Jesuits in 1606. He taught philosophy with much reputation at Valladolid and Salamanca; after which, when the Jesuits began to take advantage of their readmission into Bohemia by Ferdinand II., he volunteered his services as a teacher in the schools which his superiors purposed to establish in that country. Arriving at Prague in 1624, he spent there the remaining fortythree years of his life, except the time occupied by three missions to Rome. He taught philosophy for thirteen of those years; and afterwards he was, in succession, prefect of studies, and chancellor of the university. He published two works:-1. “Cursus Philosophicus," Antwerp, 1632; Paris, 1637,

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1639; Lyon, 1644, 1647, 1653, 1659, 1669, (described as an augmented edition), all in folio. 2. "Disputationes Theologica in Summam Divi Thomæ," a work of which the author published eight fo'io volumes, and was composing a ninth at the time of his death. This ponderous series of dissertations on Thomas Aquinas was published in successive volumes as follows: vols. i. and ii. Disputationes in Primam Partem," Antwerp, 1643; Lyon, 1644, 1669: vols. iii. and iv. Disputationes in Primam Secundæ," Antwerp, 1644; Lyon, 1669: vol. v. "Disputationes in Secundam Secundæ," Antwerp, 1649; Lyon, 1651: vols. vi., vii., and viii. Disputationes in Tertiam Partem," Antwerp, 1650-55; Lyon, 1654-1669. nio attributes to Arriaga two other works:1. "De Oratore Libri Quatuor," Cologne, 1637, 8vo. In all likelihood this is an edition of the Rhetor Christianus" of Pablo Joseph de Arriaga. 2. “ Brevis Expositio Literæ Magistri Sententiarum," published, besides previous editions, at Lyon, 1636, 8vo. This work likewise is supposed to be wrongly assigned to Rodrigo de Arriaga.

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During Arriaga's own lifetime his reputation was very high, not only in Spain, but in the country where he spent the long period of his self-imposed exile. The Catholic Bohemians, we are told, were accustomed to say, that the two best things possessed by their kingdom were the city of Prague and Father Rodrigo. His name has now become very obscure; but it still maintains a place in the history of philosophy. Among the abortive attempts which were made in the course of the seventeenth century, principally by the religious orders in Spain, to resuscitate the philosophy of the schoolmen, the "Cursus Philosophicus" of Arriaga, scholastic alike in contents, in arrangement, and in form, was one of the most skilful. Even a cursory inspection of the work shows its author to have been a man of great acuteness and subtlety, and of praiseworthy candour.

The position which he occupies in the annals of speculative philosophy has been indicated by Morhof and Bayle, whose view is adopted by Brucker, and is fully supported by the tenor of Arriaga's writings. He had studied with attention the recent writings of the anti-Aristotelians; and, giving effect to many of the opinions advanced by them, he endeavoured by modifications and concessions to adapt to modern use the logic and metaphysics, but still more the physical hypotheses, of his scholastic masters. It seems to be admitted, that in this attempt at compromise he went farther than any of the scholastic philosophers of his time. His modern critics lament the misapplication of the fine qualities which his mind evidently possessed. In his own day, as a Jesuit teaching the doctrines then approved by his order, he was

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indeed safe from any serious charge of he- | terodoxy; but his position as a partial innovator laid him open to many attacks from the uncompromising adherents of the old philosophical systems. The Platonist, Joannes Marcus Marci, in his "Philosophia Vetus Restituta," seized upon Arriaga's concessions as proving the unsoundness of the foundations upon which the Aristotelian philosophy rests. In other quarters he was openly denounced as a sceptic, and accused of wilfully suppressing or weakening the answers to plausible objections against the system which he professed to teach. This charge, unwarranted by any real design on the part of Arriaga, was founded upon his usual method of exposition; for, after laying down his proposition, he discusses successively all the powerful objections to it, to many of which (as might be expected in a modern defence of the scholastic philosophy) he makes answers which are far from being satisfactory. (Ribadeneira, Alegambe, and Southwell, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu, 1676, p. 728; N. Antonius, Bibliotheca Hispana Nova; Morhof, Polyhistor. tom. ii. lib. i.; | Bayle, Dictionnaire Critique, "Arriaga ;" | Brucker, Historia Critica Philosophia, tom. iv.; Adelung, Supplement to Jöcher, Allgemernes Gelehrten-Lexicon; Adelung, Geschichte der Philosophie, ed. 1810, iii. 213.)

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W. S. ARRIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS ('Appiavós λáBios) was a native of Nicomedia in Bithynia. His name Flavius Arrianus, which is Roman, was probably assumed when he acquired the rights of a Roman citizen. The date of his birth is unknown. He was governor of Cappadocia in the twentieth year of Hadrian, or A.D. 136, at which time he must have been a man of mature years. Arrian was a pupil of Epictetus probably during that philosopher's residence at Nicopolis. Epictetus, with other professors of philosophy, had been banished from Rome in the reign of Domitian, A.D. 89, and it does not appear that he ever returned there. Arrian was probably his pupil at Nicopolis during the reign of Trajan, and at the beginning of that of Hadrian. Epictetus may have died in the early part of Hadrian's reign, and it is probable that Arrian published his treatises on the philosophic doctrines of his master shortly after his death. Hadrian, when emperor, was on intimate terms with Epictetus, and if it be true that Epictetus did not return to Rome after the banishment of the philosophers, Hadrian must have seen him at Nicopolis or at Athens, which Hadrian visited in A.D. 123 and 124. It is probable that Arrian may about this time have become acquainted with Hadrian, and to this circumstance, and the reputation which he acquired by publishing the doctrines of his master, he owed his future promotion. He obtained the Athenian citizenship, and we

may conjecture from his assumed name, and the office which he obtained as governor of Cappadocia, that he received the Roman citizenship and the rank of senator. According to Heliconius, who is cited by Suidas (Appiavós) and Photius, he attained the consulship, but his name does not appear in the Fasti Consulares. It was in the twentieth year of Hadrian, as already observed, that Arrian was governor of Cappadocia ; and it appears from his " Periplus of the Euxine," which is addressed to the emperor, that he had full civil and military authority in his province. In A.D. 137, Cappadocia was disturbed by a native chief, Pharasmanes, whom Dion Cassius (lxix. 15, Reimar's ed.) calls the leader of the Albani; but the disturbance was checked by fear of the Roman governor.

Hadrian died in A.D. 138, and we hear no more of Arrian in public life. He may have retired to his native city, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Persephone-a post of honour, and probably of profit also. It was in the latter part of his life that he wrote those numerous works, some of which have come down to our time, and have preserved his name and reputation. The time of his death is unknown; and the authorities, which state that he lived to the time of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, are not satisfactory. The following are the extant works of Årrian ;—

1. The History of Alexander's Conquests, entitled "The Anabasis, or Ascent of Alexander," that is, into Asia ('Aváßaois ’AλešávSpov), in seven books, is a work of great merit, and if viewed with reference to the importance of the subject, and the want of other trustworthy authorities, one of the most valuable histories that are extant. The contemporary historians of Alexander are lost; but Arrian's "Anabasis" supplies their place. It begins with the death of King Philip, B.C. 336, and contains the events of Alexander's life from that date to the death of Alexander at Babylon, B.C. 323. The two principal authorities that he followed, and whom he frequently mentions, are Aristobulus, who accompanied Alexander in his campaign, and Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, who was afterwards king of Egypt, and one of the distinguished companions of Alexander; but he relied most on Ptolemy. He also occasionally consulted other authorities, as Eratosthenes of Cyrene, Nearchus, Megasthenes, Aristus, Asclepiades, and the letters of Alexander, and the royal Journals (Ephemerides), from which he extracts the account of Alexander's illness and death. The histories of Aristobulus and Ptolemy were written after Alexander's death, when the memory of the events was fresh, and when the motives for concealment or misrepresentation were removed. The narrative of Arrian is simple and concise, without any affectation of rheto

rical ornament; the military operations are clearly described; and a tone of good sense and moderation pervades the book. Alexander, his hero, is a favourite with him, and his faults are gently touched, but they are not concealed. Our present knowledge of Asia, and more particularly of the basin of the Indus, enables us to test the accuracy of Arrian as a geographer, and in this important requisite of an historian he is not de- | ficient.

Some critics are of opinion that Arrian was a young man when he wrote this work; but this is very improbable. In the following passage from the "Anabasis" (i. 12), the author speaks thus of himself:-He says that he thought he was competent to make known the illustrious deeds of Alexander; that as to his name, there was no occasion to mention that, for it was not unknown among men, nor yet his native country, nor his family, nor any honour that he had enjoyed in his native place; but he will say this, that letters are and have been to him, from his youth upward, in the place of country, family, and honours; and accordingly he considers himself one of the first of the Greeks in letters, as Alexander was in arms.-The "Anabasis" was first printed in the Latin versions of C. Valgulius of Brescia, which has neither date nor place, and in that of B. Facius, Pesaro, 1508, fol. The first edition of the Greek text of the "Anabasis" was by V.Trincavelli, 1535, 8vo., Venice. The edition of Blancard was published at Amsterdam, 1668, 1 vol. 8vo.; and that of Schmieder, at Leipzig, 1798, vol. 8vo. The most recent editions are by J. E. Ellendt, Königsberg, 1832, 2 vols. 8vo. ; by C. W. Krüger, Berlin, 1835, 1 vol. 8vo., which contains the text and the various readings. There are German, French, and Italian versions of the "Anabasis." It was translated into English by John Rook, London, 1729, 2 vols. 8vo. One of the most useful commentaries on Arrian is Sainte-Croix's "Examen Critique des anciens Historiens d'Alexandre le Grand," Paris, 1775, 4to., which was translated into English by Richard Clayton, London, 1793,

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authentic account of the nations of India, and also the details of the first European navigation along that desolate coast which lies between the Indus and the entrance of the Persian Gulf. The Journal of Nearchus, as preserved by Arrian, has been attacked as spurious by Dodwell, and as deficient in veracity by Harduin and Huet. But its credit has been maintained by men of more judgment, and established beyond all doubt by Vincent, in "The Voyage of Nearchus," London, 1807. The more exact acquaintance which we have obtained in recent times with the coast along which the fleet of Nearchus sailed, has established the veracity of the Journal, in a way which will satisfy the most sceptical critic. The edition of the "Indica" by Schmieder, Halle, 1798, 8vo., contains the Latin version of Bonav. Vulcanius, the dissertation of Dodwell, "De Arriani Nearcho," and a Latin version of that part of Vincent's treatise which is devoted to a refutation of Dodwell.

3.❝ The Periplus of the Euxine Sea (Пeρíñλovs Nóvтov Evgeívov) contains a brief account of Arrian's coasting voyage along the Black Sea from Trapezus (Trebizond) to Dioscurias, then called Sebastopolis. The rest of the Periplus to Byzantium is not founded on Arrian's personal knowledge, but on other authorities, as is apparent from the work. It seems also doubtful whether he professes to describe the coast from Byzantium to Trapezus on his own authority: it is at least clear from the Periplus that a voyage along this part of the Euxine was no part of that voyage to Sebastopolis which he describes in the Periplus, and addresses to the emperor Hadrian. It is printed in Hudson's "Minor Geographers," &c., vol. i., with Dodwell's Dissertation "De Aetate Peripli Maris Euxini." This Periplus was translated into English by Dr. William Falconer, London, 1805, 4to.; to which translation are added three dissertations. There is an anonymous Periplus of the Euxine and Mæotis," which is not by Arrian. (Dodwell, Dissertatio de Auctore Anonymo Peripli Euxini Maris.)

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5. The "Discourse on Tactic" (Aóyos Τακτικός ἢ Τέχνη Τακτική) was written in the twentieth year of Hadrian, as the author states in a passage of the "Tactic." What remains is apparently only part of a large work: it treats chiefly of the discipline of the cavalry. It was first edited by J. Scheffer, Upsal, 1664, 8vo.; and is printed in Blancard's collection.

6. The "Discourse on Hunting" (KunyeTIKÓS) was written by Arrian in imitation of Xenophon's treatise on the same subject, and to supply its defects. The author says that he "bears the same name (Xenophon), and belongs to the same city, and from his youth up has been busied about the same things as (the elder Xenophon), hunting, generalship, and philosophy." The Greek text was first edited by Lucas Holstenius, Rome and Paris, 1644, 4to., with a Latin version. It is also printed in Blancard's edition of the "Minor Works of Arrian," in Zeune's "Minor Works of Xenophon," and in Schneider's edition of Xenophon, Leipzig, 1778. There is an English version of the treatise, which was published at London, 1831, with notes, and embellishments from the antique.

Gellius (i. 2) says that Arrian digested the discourses of Epictetus ("Dissertationes Epicteti"), and Photius speaks of eight books of the discourses (diaтpißaí) of Epictetus by Arrian. There are now extant four books of a work entitled the "Epictetus of Arrian" (Αῤῥιανοῦ Ἐπίκτητος). Photius also attributes to him a work in twelve books "On the Conversations of Epictetus” (Ομιλίαι ἘπίκτηTOU); and Simplicius says that he wrote on the life and death of Epictetus, but it is uncertain whether he means to say that this was a separate work, or a part of one of the two works above enumerated. The consideration of these works, and of the "Manual of Epictetus" (Eyxeipídiov) belongs to the Life of Epictetus. [EPICTETUS.]

Arrian was a voluminous writer. Besides his extant works, he wrote a work in seventeen books entitled "Parthica" (Пapliká) on the

wars of the Romans under Trajan against the Parthians; a History of the events which followed the death of Alexander, in ten books, the loss of which is much to be regretted, as there are few good materials for the history of this busy period: Photius has preserved a list of the contents of this work; the history of Timoleon's expedition against Dionysius of Syracuse, and the history of Dion of Syracuse, and his contest with the second Dionysius, are mentioned by Photius; a History of Bithynia, his native country, in eight books, from the mythical times to the death of the last king, Nicomedes, who bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans; and the Life of Tilloborus, a distinguished Asiatic robber.

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in the first volume of Hudson's "Minor Greek Geographers,” with the dissertation of Dodwell, De Aetate Peripli Maris Erythraei ejusdemque auctore.” It contains an account of the commerce which was carried on from the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa to the peninsula of India, in the first or second century of our æra. The Periplus was first published by Froben, at Basle, 1533, with a preface by the editor Gelenius; but Dr. Vincent could not ascertain from what MS. it was printed, nor whether the MS. exists now. The edition of J. W. Stuckius, Zürich, 1577, fol., and that in Hudson's Geographers, Oxford, 1698, are both from Froben's edition: the text is in several passages corrupt and obscure. As the edition of Gelenius contained, among other things, both the Periplus of the Euxine by Arrian, and the Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, it is possible that, if there was no author's name on the MS. of the Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, it may have been assigned to Arrian, because he had written a similar Periplus of the Euxine. Whatever may be the authority for calling it the Periplus of Arrian, it can hardly be by Arrian of Nicomedia. author appears, from the work, to have been an Egyptian Greek, who sailed from Egypt, as far at least as the Bay of Cambay. The Periplus consists of two parts: one part comprehends the coast of Africa, from Myos Hormos on the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea to Rhapta, and is elucidated in the first part of Dr. Vincent's valuable work on the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, containing an account of the Navigation of the Ancients from the Sea of Suez to the coast of Zanguebar," London, 1807, 4to. The second part also begins at Myos Hormos and follows the Arabian coast of the Red Sea and the ocean, and then, passing to Guzerat, follows the Malabar coast to Ceylon. It is elucidated in the second part of Vincent's work "containing an account of the Navigation of the Ancients from the Gulf of Elana in the Red Sea, to the Island of Ceylon." Dodwell infers, from a passage in the Periplus, that the author wrote in the reigns of M. Aurelius and L. Verus, which commenced A.D. 161; but his inference rests on a weak foundation. Vincent is inclined to fix the date of the composition about the tenth year of Nero's reign, and to place the alleged discovery of the Monsoons in the Indian Ocean, by Hippalus, in the reign of Claudius. This Periplus is a valuable record of the commerce of the Indian Ocean under the early Roman emperors.

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zen of Athens. Xenophon recorded in his "Memorabilia" the moral doctrines of his master Socrates: Arrian has preserved those of his teacher Epictetus. Xenophon gave to his history of the expedition of the younger Cyrus the title of the Anabasis; Arrian gave the same name to his history of Alexander. Xenophon wrote "Hellenica," or a general history of Grecian affairs, beginuing from the point where the history of Thucydides ends; Arrian wrote a history of Alexander's successors. Xenophon and Arrian were both fond of field-sports, and both wrote treatises on Hunting. If the parallel is not complete in all its parts, it is complete enough to show that Arrian came as near to his model as he could. He imitated the plain and simple style of Xenophon, and not unsuccessfully. He had a good share of vanity, and was courtier enough to know how to forward his interests; but he was, apparently, an honest man, and, as an historian, geographer, and moral writer, he ranks among the distinguished names of the Greeks.

The complete edition of Arrian's works, by Borheck, 3 vols. 8vo. Lemgo, is of no value: a Vienna edition of all the works, 1810, 8vo., is mentioned by Hoffman. The editions of the separate works are very numerous. "The Anabasis of Alexander" still wants the commentary of a competent critic. (Fabricius, Biblioth. Græc. ed. Harless, v. 89; Photius, Codd. 58, 91; Hudson, Geographia Veteris Scriptores Græci Minores, 1st vol., Oxford, 1698, which contains Dodwell's Dissertations; Hoffmann, Lexicon Bibliographicum.)

There were several other persons of the name of Arrianus, of whom the following may be noticed:

| by Photius. from Arrian. ter.)

Stobaeus has preserved extracts (Eclog. Phys. 27, 28, ed. Can

ARRIANUS, a Greek poet, made an epic version, that is, a translation in hexameter verse, of the Georgics of Virgil. He also wrote an Alexandriad, or poem on Alexander, in twenty-four rhapsodies, or books, and poems on Attalus of Pergamus. It is conjectured that Suidas may have confounded this Arrianus with one Adrianus who wrote an Alexandriad. The name Arrianus has also been sometimes confounded with that of Rhianus. (Fabricius, Biblioth. Græc. v. 89, note c; Suidas, Appiavós.)

ARRIANUS wrote a history in Greek, which comprised the periods of the Emperor Maximinus the younger and the three Gordiani. L. Annius Årrianus, who was consul in the year A.D. 243, may be the author of this history. (Capitolinus, Maximinus Junior, 7; Gordiani Tres, 2.)

ARRIANUS, a Roman jurist, is cited several times by Paulus and Ulpian. From a passage of Ulpian (Dig. v. tit. 3, s. 11), we learn that he wrote a work, "De Interdictis," of which Ulpian cites the second book. The age of this Arrian is uncertain. It has been observed that in the passage in which the work "De Interdictis' is spoken of, the name of Proculus also occurs, and it is a possible conclusion from the passage that Arrian preceded Proculus, who lived before the time of Vespasian. It has been conjectured that this Arrianus may be Arrianus Maturius, the friend to whom Pliny the younger addresses several letters (iii. 2; i. 2, &c.); but this cannot be established. Another conjecture is that the jurist may be Arrian the historian, but this again cannot be maintained. There is a rescript of Hadrian (Dig. xlix. tit. 14, s. 2), addressed to Flavius Arrianus, who probably is the historian; but the jurist is simply named Arrianus in the excerpts in the Digest. One Arrianus Severus, who was præfectus ærario, is also cited in the Digest (xlix. tit. 14, s. 42) by Aburnus Valens as pronouncing a decree in pursuance of a constitution of Divus Trajanus, which indicates a time after the death of Trajan. There is no reason for confounding the jurist Arrianus with any of the persons here mentioned. The authorities for the jurist Arrianus are cited by Gul. Grotius (Vita Jurisconsultorum), but the matter, as usual with him, is uncri

G. L.

ARRIGHETTI, FILIPPO, born at Florence, of a noble family, in 1582, studied first at Pisa, and afterwards at Padua, and made great progress in philosophical and theological studies. He was made a canon of the Cathedral of Florence, and also a member of the Florentine Academy. He wrote a commentary on the Rhetoric of Aristotle, which he read in a series of lectures in the Florentine Academy: “La Rettorica d'Aristotile spie