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the same class of merits which made the "History of Edinburgh" so attractive. The trials are the fruit of great research among the criminal records. They are happily chosen, having always some peculiar interest in the events brought to light, in the constitutional information exhibited by the method of conducting the trial, or in the light thrown by them on old manners or opinions. The narratives are given with rapidity and ease, and the work is interspersed with lively and caustic remarks. It appeared without the name of a publisher on the title-page. Arnot, like many other authors, thought the bookseller's share of the profits of a work were greater than he should justly obtain, and the whole trade in Edinburgh, irritated at his conduct, refused to countenance his work. An author is seldom so successful in dispensing with the assistance of a publisher as Arnot was: the gross proceeds of the sale of this small volume were 600l., although, like the "History of Edinburgh," it was speedily pirated by the Irish booksellers. He died on the 20th of November, 1786. An asthma, contracted early in life, had so attenuated his form that he looked old and decrepid. His appearance, his habits, and his style of mind were all such as to associate him with notions of advanced age, and, on his death, many of those who knew him were astonished to find that their venerable-looking friend had not completed his thirty-seventh year. His infirmities created an irritability and impatience in his disposition, which, allied as it was with a ready sarcasm, was the ground of several ludicrous anecdotes. His disorder is said to have interfered with his prospects at the bar, but it did not prevent him from carrying on a ceaseless war of local politics, in which he wrote many pamphlets and newspaper articles. He was a great enemy of local taxation, and he is said to have, on this ground, been able to retard for ten years the erection of the South Bridge in Edinburgh. (Chambers, Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen; Biographical Sketches, published with Kay's Portraits of Edinburgh Characters; Works referred to. J. H. B. ARNOUL, FRANÇOIS, was a native of Mans, a Dominican priest, and attached to the Convent of Laval. He lived about the middle of the 17th century, and wrote these two works:-1." Institution de l'Ordre du Collier céleste du sacré Rosaire, par la Reine Régente, Mère du Roi," Lyon and Paris, 1647, 12mo. 2. "Révélation charitable de plusieurs Remèdes souverains contre les plus cruelles et perilleuses Maladies," Lyon, 1651, and Paris, 1653, 12mo. The design of the first was to induce Anne of Austria, the queen regent of France, to whom Arnoul was one of the chaplains, to establish an order of fifty noble ladies, who should wear a peculiar badge which he had designed |

ARNOUL, or ARNULF, of LAGNI, was a man of noble birth, being nearly related to the Counts of Champagne. In 1066 he was elected abbot of the monastery of Lagni, in the diocese of Paris; and six years afterwards, retaining that place, he added to it the abbacy of Sainte-Colombe of Sens. He brought from Italy the remains of his brother Saint Thibaud, and erected churches to his memory. He died, very old, in 1106. To him is attributed, though not unanimously, a Life of Saint Fursy, the abbot of Lagni, which Bolland inserted in the "Acta Sanctorum," at the sixteenth day of January. (Histoire Littéraire de la France, ix. 290-293; Mabillon, Annales | Ordinis S. Benedicti, v. 82, 138, 332.) W. S. ARNOUL DE LENS. [LENS.]

ARNOUL, or ARNULF, otherwise called ERNULF, Bishop of LISIEUX, was raised to that see in the year 1141, having previously been Archdeacon of Séez. He is named by William of Tyre as one of the ecclesiastics who joined the Second Crusade, accompanying Louis VII. of France to the Holy Land in 1147; and in letters of Suger he is mentioned as a creditor of Louis, who seems to have found much difficulty in repaying the loans which the prelate had made to him. Arnoul's position as a Norman bishop, however, rendered him a vassal of Henry II. of England; and pope Alexander III. endeavoured to use his influence for preserving the doubtful allegiance of that prince to the papal see. Arnoul was sent to England as apostolic legate in 1160; and, even when in France, he kept up continual communication with Henry and his court. He would appear to have aimed, with very little success, at acting as a mediator between the king and Thomas Becket. Roger de Hoveden describes him as suggesting to Henry measures which were ostensibly calculated for weakening the power of the ambitious archbishop. Arnoul, however, as appears from his extant letters, was in constant and confidential correspondence with Becket; and, long suspected by the king, he fell at length into confirmed disfavour. He became apprehensive even as to his personal safety; and, a considerable time before Becket's fall, he withdrew from all interference in the disputes between the archbishop and the king. But his position appears to have still been considered as critical; and his fear of danger from the royal displeasure is assigned as the reason which induced him, in 1181, to retire to the abbey of Saint-Victor in Paris. He died in that retirement in the year 1182. Arnoul has left the following writings :1. A collection, first published at Paris, 1585, 8vo. under the title Arnulphi, Lexoviensis

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Episcopi, Epistolæ, Conciones, et Epigrammata." It was reprinted in the "Bibliothecæ Patrum;" and, in the Lyon edition, it will be found in volume xxii. p. 1304-1340. It includes thirty-nine letters (of which the greater number refer to English ecclesiastical affairs), an oration delivered at the Council of Tours in 1163, another oration on an episcopal consecration, and fourteen small Latin poems in elegiac verse. 2. In D'Achéry's "Spicilegium," vol. ii., a treatise (which excited some attention at the time) "De Schismate orto post Honorii II. discessum," p. 336365; and, in the same volume, p. 482-507, seven letters, with a fragment of the second oration abovementioned. The treatise on the papal schism is also in Muratori's Rerum Italicarum Scriptores," iii. 423-432. 3. Some of Arnoul's letters, not published by D'Achéry, occur in other historical collections. There are four of them among the Epistles of Thomas Becket, lib. i. ep. 28, 85, 86, 178, (in Lupus," Vita et Epistolæ Divi Thomæ Cantuariensis,” 1682.) Of these letters the longest and most curious, No. 85 (to which Lingard refers as exposing the bad motives of many of Becket's enemies), is one of those given by D'Achéry. Most of Arnoul's letters are historically valuable; but in literary merit none of his writings, either in prose or in verse, rises at all above the ordinary level of his age. (Du Pin, Bib-| liothèque des Auteurs Ecclésiastiques, ix. 161 -166; Oudin, De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, ii. 1257; Arnulphus Lexoviensis, Epistolæ; Gulielmus Tyrius, lib. xvii.; Roger de Hoveden, Annales, part ii., "Henricus II.;" Suger, Epistola Historica.) W. S. ARNOUL OF MILAN. [ARNOLFO of MILAN.]

ARNOUL, or ARNULF, Bishop of ORLEANS, was one of the most eloquent and energetic of the French ecclesiastics in the latter part of the tenth century. He was a man of noble birth, and was appointed to the see of Orléans in 986. In 988 he crowned Robert, the son of Hugh Capet; and in 991 he was the principal leader in the Council which deposed Arnoul, Archbishop of Reims. His speeches make a principal part of the records of that Council, printed at Frankfort, 1600, and partly repeated in Duchesne's "Historiæ Francorum Scriptores," iv. 101-114. (Histoire Littéraire de la France, vi. 521528; Fleury, Histoire Ecclésiastique, lib. Ivii.) W. S.

ARNOUL, RENE', born at Poitiers, in 1569, became a lawyer, was an officer in the household of Louis XIII.'s brother, Gaston of Orléans, and died at Orléans in 1639. He left a volume of youthful poems, original and translated: "L'Enfance de René Arnoul," Poitiers, 1587, 4to. These compositions have been said to indicate much poetical genius, which, however, the author in after life did not cultivate. (Biographie Universelle.) W. S.

ARNOUL, or ARNULF, Archbishop of REIMS, was a natural son of Lothaire, the last Carlovingian king of France. He was raised to the see of Reims in 988, when still very young, Hugh Capet, the new king, consenting to his election, in the hope of thus providing against his partisanship of Lothaire's brother Charles, who still claimed the crown. Arnoul was soon accused of having abused the power intrusted to him, and of having even betrayed Reims to Charles. In the Council of Reims, held in 991, he was deposed, and imprisoned at Orléans, while the celebrated Gerbert, who had been his secretary, was appointed in his stead. The pope refused to confirm the sentence: and a subsequent Council ordered the reinstatement of Arnoul, which, however, did not take place till 999, when Gerbert, having become pope, by the title of Sylvester II., made a merit of liberating him. Arnoul died in 1023, leaving only a few official writings, which possess no value but as historical monuments. (Histoire Littéraire de la France, vi. 564–570, vii. 245—247.)

W. S.

ARNOUL, ARNULF, or ERNULF, Bishop of ROCHESTER, was born at Beauvais about the year 1040. After having been educated under Lanfranc, at the famous school of Bec, he became a Benedictine monk in his native town, and was employed in teaching grammar to the novices. Disgusted, however, by the abuses which prevailed in his convent, he determined on joining a more regular community; and, after corresponding with Anselm (whom he had known at Bec), and with his teacher Lanfranc (now Archbishop of Canterbury), he accepted the invitation of the latter, and removed to England in or soon after the year 1072. Anselm, having succeeded Lanfranc in his see, appointed Arnoul to be prior of Canterbury, after which he became, in 1107, Abbot of Burgh; and Radulf, Bishop of Rochester, on being elevated to the see of Canterbury, recommended Arnoul as his successor in the see of Rochester. The day of Arnoul's consecration, the 10th of October, 1114, was noted for a singular subsidence of the waters in the channels of the Thames and Medway. He held this bishopric for nine years, and died on the 15th day of March, 1124, aged about eighty-four years. Arnoul's name hardly ever occurs in the general history of England during his episcopate. He receives, however, from William of Malmesbury and others, very high praises for his activity in the discharge of the offices which he had previously held. He was especially attentive to architectural repairs and embellishments; and, while prior of Canterbury, assisted Anselm zealously in his renovation of the choir of the cathedral. Arnoul left the following writings:-1. A long letter, or rather treatise, "De Incestis Nuptiis," and another, “Quâ

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variis Lamberti Quæstionibus respondet," both printed in D'Achéry's "Spicilegium," ii. 410-443. 2. A collection of documents, chiefly Saxon, relating to the Cathedral Church and See of Rochester, preserved in manuscript in the library of the Chapter of Rochester, with the title "Textus de Ecclesia Roffensi per Ernulfum Episcopum." Extracts from this manuscript are printed in Wharton's "Anglia Sacra,” i. 329-340, and nearly the whole collection was published and edited by Thomas Hearne, Oxford, 1720. The MS. is still in good preservation, and beautifully written on parchment. It also contains the laws of various Saxon kings, forms of excommunication, and regulations for proceeding by trial of ordeal. 3. The Catalogus Manuscriptorum Angliæ," tom. i. part iii. No. 1480, mentions as preserved in the library of Bene't College, Cambridge, a "Liber Epistolarum," beginning with the words "Ernulfus, Dei Gratiâ." These epistles have been attributed to the Bishop of Rochester, by his French biographers; but the catalogue of the library, published in 1722, attributes them to Arnoul, or Ernulf, the bishop of Lisieux (p. 47, O. viii). 4. Bale has ascribed to Arnoul, erroneously, two works, "De Operibus Sex Dierum," and "De Sex Verbis Domini in Cruce," which really belong to Arnold of Bonneval. (Histoire Littéraire de la France, x. 425— 430; Willielmus Malmesburiensis, De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, lib. ii.; Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 136, 333; Eadmer, Historia Novorum, lib. v. p. 110; Dart, Cathedral Church of Canterbury, p. 8; Ziegelbauer, Historia Rei Literaria Ordinis Sancti Benedicti, iv. 26, 74, 166, 372; Communication from Rochester.) W. S.

ARNOUL, or ARNULF, of RHOËZ, Patriarch of Jerusalem, was the cause of much scandal and disturbance in the Holy Land, during the First Crusade. He went to the East with Robert II., Duke of Normandy, whose chaplain he was; and, in 1099, he was appointed by the Christian princes to be treasurer of the church of Jerusalem. Arnoul's intrigues to obtain the patriarchate of Jerusalem were for a long time fruitless; but he was raised to it in the year 1111. Being deposed by the papal legates, he journeyed to Rome, and had the address to procure a reversal of his sentence. After this he occupied the patriarchal chair without molestation, leading a life of turbulence and irregularity, and dying in the year 1118. His character is treated with great severity by William of Tyre, but more favourably by Albert of Aix, who expresses likewise a high opinion of his eloquence and sagacity. (Histoire Littéraire de la France, x. 398; Gulielmus Tyrius, lib. ix.; Albertus Aquensis, lib. vi. cap. 39, in the Gesta Dei per Francos, i. 285.) W. S. ARNOULD, AMBROISE MARIE, was

born at Dijon, about 1750, finished his education in his native town, and went, while yet a young man, to try his fortune in Paris. His favourite studies were finance and political economy. He embraced the opinions of the section of the revolutionary party represented by Necker. A treatise on the balance of the foreign trade of France, which he published in 1791 (and of which a second edition was called for in 1795), was the means of procuring for him the appointment of assistant-director of the board for regulating the balance of trade (sous-directeur du bureau de la balance de commerce), which he held till 1794. He was a zealous opponent of the National Convention, and one of the leaders of the insurrection of the 13 Vendemiaire, An IV. (October, 1795). This movement proving unsuccessful, he was obliged to fly, and, even after he had ceased to have reason to dread the vengeance of the Convention, he continued for a few years exclusively engaged in literary pursuits. During this period of his life he published a memoir on the system of metallic currency, a guide for those who had invested money in the public funds, and an account of the maritime policy of Europe during the eighteenth century. His writings were favourably received, and on the strength of them he was elected by the department of the Seine a member of the Council of Ancients, in 1798. In 1799 he was chosen one of the Five Hundred. He took a part in promoting the revolution of Brumaire, and was one of the members of the Five Hundred charged with the preparation of a new constitution. On the 27th of December, 1799, he presented a long report on the means of restoring the national credit, in which he confidently prophesied that its re-establishment would be a consequence of the late revolution. So much zeal was rewarded by Bonaparte with a place in the Tribunate. It is believed that he aspired to be minister of finance; but, however warm a Bonapartist, his qualifications as statesman were deemed inadequate for so important an office. In 1804, Arnould was one of the loudest advocates for creating Bonaparte emperor. When the tribunate was suppressed, Arnould's services were rewarded with the cross of the legion of honour and place of chancellor of state. He continued to enjoy the imperial favour till his death in 1812. His talents were respectable, though scarcely equal to his ambition. His devotion to Bonaparte had its origin, most probably, in the conviction that he alone could restore and uphold a state of law and order in France-a conviction which was sincerely entertained by many of the most intelligent and honourable characters throughout the Continent. nould's most valuable publications are:-1. "De la Balance du Commerce et des relations commerciales extérieures de la France

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dans toutes les parties du Globe," 2 vols. 8vo., first edition, Paris, 1791; second, 1795. 2. "Système Maritime politique des Européens pendant le 18° siècle," 1 vol. 8vo., Paris, 1797. 3. "Résultats des Guerres, des Négociations, et des Traités qui ont précédé et suivi la Coalition contre la France, pour servir de Supplément au droit public de l'Europe par Mably," 1 vol. 8vo., Paris, 1803. 4. "Histoire Générale des Finances depuis le commencement de la Monarchie, pour servir d'Introduction au Budget Annuel," 4to., Paris, 1806. (Works mentioned above, Nos. 1 and 2; Arnould, Répartition de la Contribution Foncière; Supplement to the Biographie Universelle.) W. W. ARNOULD, JEAN FRANÇOIS, was born at Besançon, in 1734. His family

name was Mussot, but he is better known by that of Arnould, which he assumed when he first went upon the stage. His father, an avocat, resolved to educate him for his own profession, and with that view procured him a situation in the office of a professional brother; but young Mussot became disgusted with the drudgery of transcribing legal opinions, ran away, and enrolled himself at Paris in a troop of actors. The date of his embracing a theatrical career does not appear to be known with certainty. He obtained an engagement in a company formed by the Prince of Conti to act at Versailles and l'Isle Adam; and for them he composed his first theatrical essays, 66 L'Heureux Jaloux," acted at l'Isle Adam, and "La Petite Meunière," acted at Versailles.

It was in 1770 that he entered upon the peculiar department of dramatic enterprise in which his name is remembered. Audinot, having that year opened the Ambigu Comique, found it necessary to enlist the talents of Arnould in his service, as trainer of the children whom he produced on the stage, and writer of the new pieces represented. Arnould's efforts proved of such essential service, that in 1775 he obtained a share in the concern. He was the first to improve the combination of the ballet and pantomime, first attempted by Noverre, and transplant it from the boards of the Opera to the boulevards. In 1785 the Opera obliged the associates to cease their representations in Paris; but they immediately opened a theatre in the Bois de Boulogne. The interdict was only enforced from January, 1785, till the month of October in the same year, when the Ambigu Comique was re-opened. In 1786 this theatre was rebuilt on a more extensive scale, and in the form which it retained till burned down in 1827. While the theatre was rebuilding, the company continued to perform alternately at the fairs of St. Germain and St. Laurent, at the Salle des Variétés, and in the corner of the rue de Bondy. The number of new theatres which sprung up after the Revolution inflicted

more severe pecuniary injury upon Audinot and Arnould than the intrigues of the Opéra. Many of their juvenile actors had grown up, and engaged in other companies. Subsequent to 1788 a complication of diseases disenabled Arnould for the composition of new dramas. His temper became soured, and authors, as well as actors, irritated by his violence of temper, withdrew their assistance. In 1795 he quarrelled with Audinot: they agreed to separate, and the remainder of their lease was sold, in April, to some of their actors, of whom Picardeau became manager. In the ensuing December Arnould died, at Paris, in his sixty-first year. Between the years 1763 and 1788 he brought upon the stage upwards of fifty dramatic pieces, in one or more acts, interspersed with vaudevilles. The names of a few will sufficiently indicate their character:-" Le Testament de Polichinelle;" "Robinson Crusoe;" Riquet with the Tuft;" "Puss in Boots;" "Malbrough s'en va-t-en Guerre ;""The Complaints of the Barmécides," a parody on La Harpe's tragedy; "The Death of Captain Cook;" "Baron Trenck, or the Prussian Prisoner." The Ambigu Comique owed its origin to the pique of the humorist Audinot, but it was the talent of Arnould that gave it prolonged vitality. (Supplement to the Biographie Universelle.) W. W.

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ARNOULD, JOSEPH, an ingenious watchmaker. He was born at Gulligny, in 1723, and died at Nancy, in 1791. He was a member of the Royal Society of Arts and Letters at Nancy. He made several not very successful attempts to improve the construction of watches without fusees; he succeeded better with his improvements upon music-bells. Some French authors have attributed to him the first invention of the horse-boat, but a boat moved on the same principle, constructed from a design of the Prince Palatine Robert, was exhibited on the Thames in the reign of Charles II. (Stuart, Anecdotes of Steam-Engines; Mémoires de la Société Royale de Nancy, 1759; Supplement to the Biographie Universelle.)

W.W.

ARNOULD, SOPHIE, an actress in the Opera at Paris, celebrated for her conversational talents. She made her début on the 15th of December, 1757. Her voice, the tones of which are said to have been exquisitely touching (though Grimm speaks, in 1772, of her chant asthmatique"), procured for her a regular engagement in the course of the following year. She continued to perform the leading characters till 1778, when she withdrew from the stage. most successful personations were Thelaire, in "Castor et Pollux," and Ephise, in "Dardanus." The author of the Life of Sophie Arnould adds "Iphigénie en Aulide," but there must be a mistake either in this statement or in the date of her leaving the stage, for Gluck's " Iphigénie en Aulide" was not pro

Her

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duced at Paris till 1779. She retained a conversational celebrity till her death, which occurred at Paris, on the 14th of February, 1803. Most of the bons-mots attributed are too bold and cynical to bear repetition. "I could easily," wrote Grimm, "make a book of Sophie's bons-mots: they all smack of the demirep, but a demirep of talent." (Grimm and Diderot, Correspondance Littéraire, vols. vi. vii. viii. ix. xii.; Biographie Universelle.) W. W. ARNOULT, CHARLES (he is called Charles by his anonymous biographer in the Biographie Universelle:" Quérard, in the "France Littéraire," indicates his Christian name by the initial N. Arnoult), appears to deserve mention as the author of two collections, which may be of use to those who study the history of the French revolution; but the materials for his biography are meagre, nor does he seem to have been of sufficient importance to make us wish them more ample. The collections alluded to were both published in 1792, at Dijon. They are:-1. "Collection de Décrets de l'Assemblée Nationale constituante et législative," 7 vols., 4to. 2. "Collection des Décrets de l'Assemblée constituante," 1 vol., 8vo. Charles Arnoult was born at the village of Bèze in Burgundy; in 1750 he became an Avocat in the parliament of Dijon, and a member of the assembly of the states of the province. In 1789 he was elected one of the deputies of the tiers-état of Burgundy to the meeting of the StatesGeneral. He retired at the close of the session of 1790: resumed his professional avocations, and died in 1793. While a member of the Constituent Assembly he voted with the revolutionary majority. He supported the abolition of tithes, the proposal to exclude the Spanish Bourbons from the succession to the throne, and a law for prohibiting the exportation of grain. On the 21st of June, 1790, he carried a motion for replacing the parliament of Dijon, which he represented as entirely disorganised by the emigration of a majority of the judges, by a provisional tribunal. (Quérard, La France Littéraire; Supplement to the Biographie Universelle.)

W. W.

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ARNOULT, JEAN BAPTISTE, is called an ex-Jesuit by Weiss in the Biographie Universelle," but we have found no evidence that he ever belonged to the order. Sabatier de Castres (1781) designates him "Abbé." One of his works is sought after by book-collectors on account of its rarity. He was born in 1689, and died at Besançon in 1753. The work alluded to is a collection of French, Italian, and Spanish proverbs, published with the fictitious name of Antoine Dumont, under the title "Traité de la Prudence," at Besançon, in 1733. Though only a small duodecimo, this book sold in 1827 for thirty francs, in consequence of a statement by Nodier, "that it was the most rare

VOL. III,

collection of proverbs." In 1738, Arnoult published a Latin treatise on "grace," still preserving his fictitious name. His largest work, a ponderous quarto, was published at Besançon in 1747. It is entitled "Le Précepteur," and contains treatises on French grammar and orthography, and on the elements of geography and of arithmetic, abridged chronological tables, and an elementary treatise on the Christian religion. Sabatier de Castres speaks of these treatises as defective in style, but full of useful suggestions. (Sabatier de Castres, Les trois siècles de la Littérature Française; Quérard, La France Littéraire; Brunet, Manuel du Libraire; Supplement to the Biographie Universelle.)

W. W.

ARNOUX, or ARNOULX, FRANÇOIS, an advocate in the parliament of Aix, was born in Provence at the end of the sixteenth or the beginning of the seventeenth century. He employed his leisure in the composition of works of a religious nature, which owe their reputation chiefly to the oddity of their titles. The principal are 1. "Le Sacré Flambeau des Merveilles de Dieu," Lyon, 1621, 12mo. 2. "L'Hercule Chrétien," Lyda (Aix), 1626, 12mo. 3. "Les Etats Généraux convoqués au Ciel," Lyon, 1628, 8vo. 4. "La Poste Royale du Paradis," Lyon, 1635, 12mo. 5. "Recueil et Inventaire des Corps Saints et autres Reliques qui sont au Pays de la Provence, la plupart visités par Louis XIII. en 1622," Aix, 1636, 8vo. 6. "L'Echelle de Paradis, pour, au partir de ce monde, escheller les cieux," Rouen, 1661, 12mo. 7. "Merveilles de l'autre Monde," Rouen, 1668, 12mo. (Adelung, Supplement to Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon; Osmont, Dictionnaire Typographique; Supplement to the Biographie Universelle.) J. W. J.

ARNOUX, JEAN, was born at Riom in Auvergne, in the year 1575, of one of the best families in that city. He entered the Society of the Jesuits at the age of seventeen years, and studied in regular succession the humanities, philosophy, and theology. In the year 1617 he succeeded the celebrated Father Cotton as confessor to the king Louis XIII., in which office he conducted himself with much independence, and endeavoured to bring about a reconciliation between the king and his mother Marie de Medicis. He was a powerful preacher and skilful controversialist. In a sermon which he preached before the king at Fontainebleau he attacked the profession of faith of the Calvinists. The Protestant party were greatly irritated against him. Montigni, Dumoulin, Durand, and Mestrezat published a defence. This defence was answered by many Roman Catholic writers besides Arnoux, among others by the Cardinal Richelieu, and led to a very active controversy. Notwithstanding his intrigues to maintain himself in his post

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