Jonsson, who took the liberty of omitting or altering the passages relative to the Virgin Mary which were not consonant with Protestant theology, and, in so doing, destroyed much of the poetical value of the work. Another edition, from the same press, in 1748, was similarly mutilated; but in the second volume of the "Historia Ecclesiastica Islandia" of Finn Jonsson, published in 1774, the poem was for the first time printed complete, from a comparison of ten manuscript copies, and accompanied with a double Latin translation-a close one by Jonsson, and a poetical one in elegiac verse by Paul Haller. Fifty separate copies of this edition of "The Lily" were struck off, one of which is in the British Museum. In 1818 Finn Magnusson published another edition of the original, with a Danish translation by himself. (Finnus Johannæi, or Finn Jonsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandia, i. 453, 587, ii. 105, 365, 398; Nyerup and Kraft, Almindeligt Litteratur-Lexicon for Danmark, Norge, og Island, p. 370.) T. W. ARNGRIMSSON, TORQUIL, was born in 1629, at Melstad in Iceland, of which his father, Arngrim Jonsson, a celebrated Icelandic author, was pastor. In 1647, after the death of Arngrim, he went to Copenhagen, where he studied for two years under Ölaus Wormius, his father's friend and patron; and from a letter printed in the correspondence of Wormius he appears to have been, in 1651, at Leiden, where he was diligently studying natural history and mineralogy, but with slender hopes of being able to stay long enough to become a proficient, on account of the emptiness of his purse. In 1655 he was sent to Iceland to ascertain if any metals were to be found in it; and, in 1658, when he was appointed pastor of the parish of Garda in Alftanes, he was enjoined to write a natural history of Iceland, in consideration of which he obtained the promise of some other ecclesiastical preferment. He died in 1677. The learned Finn Jonsson believed, but was unable to state with certainty, that he had published two or three dissertations. A translation into Icelandic of Thomas à Kempis's work "On the Imitation of Christ" was published at Holum in Iceland, by Arngrimsson, in 1676. (Finn Jonsson, or Finnus Johannæi, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandia, iii. 359; Worm, Lexikon over Danske, Norske, og Islandske lærde Mænd, i. 39; iii. 28; Olai Wormii et ad eum Epistolæ, 115, 1069, 1113, &c.) T. W. ARNHEIM, or ARNIM, GEORG BARON VON, was one of the most distinguished among the numerous generals and statesmen whose names became conspicuous during the Thirty Years' War. He was born about 1586, at Boitzenburg in the Mark of Brandenburg, and was descended from a noble family which had held extensive estates in that country as early as 926. The counts and barons of Arnim, as the family is now generally called, still belong to the first nobility of Prussia. Georg von Arnheim entered the Swedish service at an early age, and learned the principles of warfare under King Gustavus Adolphus in his campaigns in Livonia and Poland. His name became so well known that Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, the imperial generalissimo, who had made his personal acquaintance during his earlier transactions with Sweden, persuaded him to quit Gustavus Adolphus and to enter the service of the emperor. Although Arnheim was a zealous Protestant, he accepted the proposal of Wallenstein, who gave him the command of a regiment in 1626. Wallenstein had just finished his campaign against Mansfeld, and was preparing for another against that part of the Danish army which was between the Elbe and the Oder, the other part, between the Elbe and Weser, being engaged with Tilly. The main body of the imperialists was commanded by Wallenstein, who left Cottbus on the 21st of August, 1627, and took Dömitz in Mecklenburg on the 30th of the same month, having made a march of 250 miles in eight days; Arnheim, who commanded the right wing of the imperial army, seconded his commander-in-chief with quickness and success, driving the Danes before him from the Oder to the confines of Holstein. While Wallenstein carried on the war against Denmark in Holstein and Schleswig, Arnheim was intrusted with several commissions which required no common talents, both military and diplomatic. The intention of Wallenstein was to deprive the King of Denmark, Christian IV., of all his estates, to depose him with the assistance of his discontented subjects, and to have the emperor Ferdinand II. chosen King of Denmark. But as Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, was then collecting a great force in the southern part of his kingdom, and manifested an intention to interfere in the civil troubles of Germany by means of an alliance with the emperor, Wallenstein ordered Arnheim to propose to the king to make common cause with him against Christian, and to conquer and keep Norway and Scania, while the emperor should receive Denmark proper. During the negotiations he hoped to discover the real intentions of Gustavus, as well as the way in which he thought of carrying them into execution. Arnheim conducted the negociations with admirable skill, and the result proved that Wallenstein's deep distrust of Gustavus Adolphus was wellfounded. This led to a lasting friendship between Arnheim and Wallenstein, whose confidence in his lieutenant was so great, that notwithstanding his ambition to direct everything according to his own views, he wrote to Arnheim that although he wished that he should take no step, except on the supposition that Gustavus Adolphus was a cunning and dangerous man, he would willingly give up his own opinion if Arnheim should doubt its correctness. Arnheim soon found out that the real object of Gustavus Adolphus was the conquest of the German coast of the Baltic, and the establishment of a Swedish empire round this sea, with which view he intended to assume the title of Protector of the Protestant Faith in Germany. Under these circumstances Wallenstein hastened the conclusion of the peace of Lübeck (12th of May, 1629), which enabled him to turn all his activity against his rival in the north. He checked the design of Gustavus Adolphus by adopting it as his own, and he persuaded the emperor that the house of Austria would acquire unlimited power in Germany if its authority could be established on the Baltic, the principal condition of which would be a powerful fleet. For this purpose he wished to be invested with the duchy of Mecklenburg, and to possess the seaports and fortified places of Pomerania. Arnheim was requested to help him in both objects, and he succeeded. The Dukes of Mecklenburg, Hans Albrecht and Adolph Friedrich, who governed the country in common, had adhered to the Danish alliance; but when the Danes were driven beyond the Trave, they separated their troops from the Danish army, and begged the emperor to pardon their union with Denmark, to which they had been compelled by force of arms. This was true, but Wallenstein wanted the duchy, and concerted with Arnheim a plan for making the awkward position of the dukes still more awkward by annoying them in every way, so as to drive them to seek the aid of Gustavus Adolphus, upon which it would be easy to accuse them of high treason and to seize their forfeited possessions. This plan was concerted a considerable time before the peace of Lübeck. Arnheim was then military governor of Mecklenburg, and the dukes soon fled to Sweden, upon which Wallenstein was created Duke of Mecklenburg. Quite as much skill was shown by Arnheim in his negociations with the Duke of Pomerania, who, after having obstinately refused to surrender his ports and fortresses, at last yielded, partly to the flattery, partly to the threats of Arnheim. During the frequent absences of Wallenstein, Arnheim commanded the whole imperial army; he was created a field-marshal; he executed with severity the orders of Wallenstein to keep the troops under the strictest discipline; and he directed a certain plan of Wallenstein, which was kept so secret, that, although there are a great number of official letters which refer to it, we can only conjecture that it was the burning of the Swedish fleet in Karlscrona. For some time Arnheim conducted the siege of Stralsund (June and July, 1628): when the siege was raised, Wallenstein sent him, with 14,000 men, to help the King of Poland, Sigismond III., against the Swedes. During the siege of Stralsund, Arnheim was annoyed by numerous libels which the inhabitants of Stralsund composed against him and Wallenstein; one of them, a song, was so constructed, that the initial letters of the verses put together produced the words" Arnheim is a fool." Arnheim remained only a short time in Poland, and, after the dismissal of Wallenstein in 1630, he quitted the imperial service and entered that of the Elector of Saxony, who appointed him field-marshal and commanderin-chief of the Saxon army. Saxony having been compelled to conclude an alliance with Sweden, Arnheim joined Gustavus Adolphus, under whom he commanded the left wing of the united army in the battle of Breitenfeld, or Leipzig, on the 17th of September, 1631. In this affair the Saxons were defeated by Tilly, but Gustavus Adolphus restored the battle, and Tilly was completely routed. From the moment that Arnheim fought against the emperor his conduct became suspicious, and the Swedish generals accused him of serving the emperor rather than the Swedes. It certainly appears that he considered the Swedes as intruders, and that he took great care of the interests of his master, the Elector of Saxony, whom he persuaded to separate his troops from those of Gustavus Adolphus, and to occupy Silesia, while Gustavus Adolphus marched upon Bavaria. In 1632 Wallenstein was once more put at the head of the imperial armies, and, after the battle of Lützen and the death of Gustavus Adolphus (6th of November, 1632), he marched against his friend and former lieutenant, Arnheim, who had conquered the greater part of Silesia. Arnheim compelled Wallenstein to raise the siege of Schweidnitz, but shortly afterwards he concluded a truce for eight days with him (7th of June, 1633), and a second for three weeks on the 22nd of August. During the armistice the most active negociations were carried on between the two generals, the object of which was to detach Saxony from the Swedes. It has been alleged by Swedish historians that Arnheim was empowered by Wallenstein to make some strange propositions to the Swedish chancellor, Oxenstierna, connected with the pretended conspiracy of Wallenstein against the emperor, but these are mere inventions. It is now well known that Wallenstein never conspired against the emperor, nor did he ever make any propositions to Oxenstierna through Arnheim, whom he dissuaded from going to Gelnhausen, where the Swedish chancellor then was. There was, nevertheless, a firm belief at the court of Vienna that Wallenstein and Arnheim were quainted with the several designs of each other; and it would seem that this was true with regard to the policy of Saxony and the schemes of Wallenstein for his private ag ac grandisement. After the assassination of Wallenstein (25th of February, 1634), the war between the Imperialists and the Saxons assumed a more serious character, and Arnheim obtained a complete victory over the emperor's troops at Liegnitz, on the 3rd of May, 1634. Still he continued negociating, for the purpose of detaching Saxony from the Swedish alliance, and his efforts were crowned by the peace of Prague, on the 30th of May, 1635, in consequence of which the Elector of Saxony and nearly all the other Protestant princes of Germany renounced the alliance with Sweden, and made their peace with the emperor. Arnheim, though treated with great esteem by the Elector of Saxony, thought himself not sufficiently rewarded for his eminent services: he resigned his commission, and retired to his castle of Boitzenburg. There he was surprised and seized, in 1637, by the Swedish general, Wrangell, who sent him to Stockholm, as one of the most dangerous opponents of the Swedish cause in Germany, but Arnheim escaped from his prison to Germany. Immediately on his return, the Elector of Saxony, then allied with the emperor, offered him once more the command of his troops, and Arnheim resolved to take vengeance on the Swedes. He was ready to open the campaign against them, when he died suddenly, before he had taken the field, on the 29th of June, 1641. He left no issue, having never been married. Arnheim was a good general and a great diplomatist. Cardinal Richelieu, when he was informed of his death, said that Arnheim was the ablest Protestant whom the pope could have made a cardinal. It was in Arnheim's castle of Boitzenburg, which is still in the possession of the family, that Dr. Friedrich Förster discovered the entire original correspondence between Arnheim and Wallenstein, which he published under the title "Waldstein's Briefe," Berlin, 1828-29, 3 vols. 8vo. This work, and " Wallenstein, Herzog zu Mecklenburg, Friedland, und Sagan, als Feldherr und Landesfürst," &c., Potsdam, 1834, 8vo., by the same author, are the chief sources of information with regard to Arnheim. (Samuel Pufendorf, Commentariorum de Rebus Suecicis Libri XXVI. ed. 1686, pp. 68-98, 114—126, 151-196, 297, 409, 442.) W. P. ARNI'GIO, BARTOLOMME'O, an obscure Italian poet, was born at Brescia, in 1523, and died there, of the plague, in 1577. He was the son of a blacksmith, was educated by the charity of benevolent persons, and, devoting himself to medicine, took his doctor's degree at Padua. He made two unsuccessful attempts to practise his profession; in one of which, indeed, his bold experiments had results so equivocal, as to provoke the peasants to drive him out of the district with showers of stones. During the latter years of his life he was reader or lecturer to the lite rary academy of the "Occulti at Brescia, and enjoyed considerable reputation in the province. Mazzuchelli gives a long list of small volumes bearing his name, and published between the years 1555 and 1602. Several of them are prose tracts, ethical, critical, and miscellaneous; but his most numerous compositions were poems, chiefly lyrical, of which a good many re-appeared in collections published during the latter half of the sixteenth century. In modern times his prose and his verse have been alike neglected. (Mazzuchelli, Scrittori d'Italia; Crescimbeni, Istoria della Volgar Poesia, v. 94; Tiraboschi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, vii. 185, 186, ed. 1787-94; Papadopoli, Historia Gymnasii Patavini, ii. 230.) W. S. ARNIM, GEORG. [ARNHEIM.] ARNIM, LUDWIG ACHIM VON, a distinguished German poet, was born at Berlin, on the 26th of January, 1781. After the completion of his preparatory education he went to the university of Göttingen, where he studied medicine, and more especially the natural sciences. He took his degree of doctor of medicine, though he never practised. After having, at an early age, written several works, both of a scientific and poetical character, which showed his extraordinary powers of imagination and the leaning of his mind towards the romantic simplicity of the middle ages, he travelled through Germany to make himself acquainted with the habits of his countrymen in the various forms produced by the various localities which they inhabit. During these pursuits the natural tendency of his mind became firmly established, and he conceived that love of primitive simplicity, of popular legends and poetry, which appears in all his productions. For some time he lived at Heidelberg, where he formed an intimate friendship with Clemens Brentano, whose sister Bettina (the celebrated childcorrespondent of Göthe) he afterwards married. Brentano was a man of kindred genius, and these two friends published together their famous collection of popular songs, under the title of "Des Knaben Wunderhorn," Heidelberg, 1806, 3 vols. 8vo. A second edition of the first volume appeared in 1819. His life, which after his marriage he spent partly at Berlin and partly on his estate, Wiepersdorf, near Dahme, in the district called Bärwalde, presents no incident worth notice. He died on the 21st of January, 1831. Arnim must be classed, as intimated above, among the poets of the Romantic school, though he was perfectly independent of them as a school; he had no leaning towards Roman Catholicism, so peculiar to that school, and followed his own way. His numerous works did not, at the time of their appearance, meet with the attention and sympathy which they deserve, for he was a genuine poet, richly endowed by nature with an al three are among the best tales in German literature. 9. "Die Schaubühne," Berlin, 1813. 10." Die Kronenwächter," Berlin, 1817. This is a novel, the subject of which belongs to the history of the emperor Maxi lively description. 11. "Landhausleben," Leipzig, 1826. Several of his works are scattered about in journals and annuals. A collection of his works has not yet been made. There is an excellent description of the character of Arnim and his poetry by Görres, who is somewhat like him, in the "Literaturblatt zum Morgenblatt" for 1831, No. 27-30. (O. L. B. Wolf, Encyclopaedie der Deutschen National-Literatur, i. p. 82, &c.; Gervinus, Neuere Geschichte der Poet. National-Literatur der Deutschen, ii. p. 660, &c., 684; Gelzer, Die Deutsche Toetische-Literatur seit Klopstock und Lessing, p. 439, &c.) during the latter part of the 16th century. He appears to have studied and taken the degree of doctor of medicine in the University of Helmstädt. He lectured privately for some time on moral philosophy at Frankfurt on the Oder. In 1613 he was appointed one of the professors in the medical faculty at Helmstädt. In 1620, having accepted the offer of appointment of physician to Christian IV. of Denmark, he settled at Copenhagen, where he continued to reside till his death, in 1636. most gigantic imagination, great power, depth and delicacy of feeling, and originality. His great drawback was his inability to understand the actual world in which he lived, and to reproduce in it any tangible form in his works. One who knew Arnim says, "Hemilian I.; it is very original, and full of always appeared to me like a man who, in the company of youthful and cheerful people, puts himself apart from the rest, and amuses himself in his own way." His imagination took from the outward world only those things which pleased or struck him, and after they had once entered the domain of his imagination, they assumed a new and different form. His productions are generally the reflexion of his world of imagination, which is little understood by the actual world, and not unfrequently is in opposition to it. But for the collection of popular songs, which are held in the highest esteem in Germany, his productions would, perhaps, have attracted even L. S. less notice, for, independent of the above- ARNISAEUS, HENNINGUS, a native mentioned defects, his earlier works are care- of a village in the neighbourhood of Hallessly written, and all of them have some-berstadt, and a writer of some note, was born thing eccentric and unartistic in their style and form. All his personal as well as poetical peculiarities are fully developed in his novel entitled "Armuth, Reichthum, Schuld und Busse der Gräfin Dolores," Berlin, 1810, 2 vols.; though this is, perhaps, the best of all his works. Poetry is here skilfully blended with real life, the characters are clear and distinct, the plot is simple and consistent, and the poet pours forth in profusion | all the wealth of his imagination, without injuring the artistic construction of the whole. It is a work in which persons of every age and sex find something to please, comfort, and cheer. The following list contains the principal works of Arnim, not mentioned above:-1. "Theorie der elektrischen Erscheinungen," Halle, 1799, 8vo. In this work he endeavours to point out the supernatural part of the phænomena of nature, partly by philosophical reasoning and partly by experience. 2. "Hollin's Liebeleben," ("Hollin's Life of Love,") a novel, Göttingen, 1803; to which is added, a parallel biography of Rousseau, written for the purpose of comparing a purely human life with a philosophical one. 3. Ariel's Offenbarungen," ("The Revelations of Ariel,") Göttingen, 1804. 4. "Tröst - Einsamkeit, alte und neue Sagen und Wahrsagungen, Geschichten und Gedichte," Heidelberg, 1809, 4to. 5. "Der Wintergarten, eine Sammlung von Novellen," Berlin, 1809. 6. "Halle und Jerusalem, Studentenspiel. und Pilgerabenteuer," Heidelberg, 1811. This is a work full of the boldest humour. 7. "Isabelle von Aegypten, Kaiser Karl V., erste Jugendliebe," Heidelberg, 1811. 8. Melnik, die Hausprophetin aus Arabien;" "Die drei liebreichen Schwestern und der glückliche Färber;" and "Angelica, die Genueserin und Cosmus der Seilspringer." These 66 The principal works of Arnisaeus are metaphysical, political, medical, and on questions in medical jurisprudence. The list of them has been swelled by attributing to him theses of medical students, on the title-page of which his name appeared as presiding at the disputation. Grotius praises some of the political writings of Arnisaeus. Subjoined is a list of such of the writings of Arnisaeus as the writer of this notice has seen and examined :-1. "Doctrina Politica in genuinam Methodum quae est Aristotelis reducta," Amsterdam, 1643, 12mo. This work, published after the author's death by Ludovic Elzevir, is a mere compilation from the writings of a number of authors. 2. "Henningi Arnisaei Halberstadensis de Republica, seu Reflectionis Politicae Libri II.: quorum primus agit de Civitate et Familiis; secundus, de Rerum Publicarum Natura et Differentiis," Frankfurt, 1615, 4to. The dedication is dated at Helmstädt, in the same year. 3. " Henningi Arnisaei Halberstadtensis de Jure Majestatis Libri Tres: quorum Primus agit de Majestate in genere; Secundus, de Juribus Majestatis majoribus; Tertius, de Juribus Majestatis minoribus," Frankfurt, 1610, 4to. 4. " Henningi Arnisaei Halberstadtensis de Subjectione et Exemptione Clericorum; item de Potestate Tem 66 66 4. porali Pontificis in Principes; et denique de | philosophical, and historical subjects. Philip Translatione Romani Imperii," Frankfurt, Jakob Spener says of him, that he was full 1614, 4to. This is an answer to Bellarmine's of zeal for the glory of God, and most active arguments respecting the relative positions in building his holy church. Mollerus, cited of the temporal and spiritual authorities. below, gives a complete catalogue of the It may be here observed that the servile works of Arnkiel. The principal are:-I. doctrines respecting the power of princes, In Latin:-1. “ Disputatio de Officio Remaintained by Arnisaeus, appear to have demptionis Christi," Kiel,_1668, 4to. 2. been impressed on his mind, and on the "Disputatio de Paradiso Terrestri," Kiel, minds of many of his Protestant contem-1668, 4to. 3. "Disputatio Physica de Stella poraries, by their desire to elevate the tem- Regis Judaeorum," Kiel, 1670, 4to. poral authority at the expense of the spiritual "Tractatus de Philosophia et Schola Epicuri," power. 5. Henningi Arnisaei Halber- Kiel, 1671, 4to. This work, which greatly stadensis de Jure Connubiorum, Commen- contributed to the author's reputation, is tarius Politicus," Frankfurt, 1613, 4to. divided into four sections, the first of which This is a medico-politico-legal treatise on treats of the life of Epicurus, and in the marriage. The third section of the first three remaining sections the author gives a chapter, devoted to the exposition of the systematic view of that philosopher's doctrines. "incommodities of marriage is a curious II. In German :-5. "Himmlische Weihdiatribe. In the large catalogue of the books nachts-Gedanken bei der Krippe Christi," in the library of the British Museum, now in Kiel, 1669, 4to. 6. "Theologische Betracht- . the course of preparation, a number of medi- ung des grossen schreckhaften Cometen der cal tracts are attributed to Arnisaeus; they A. 1680 und 1681 gesehen ist," Schleswig, are, however, without exception, the theses 1681, 4to.; these are two sermons on Gen. i. of medical students at whose doctor-disputa- 14, and Luke xxi. 25, which were chiefly tions he presided. The following writings, intended to destroy the superstitious opinions attributed by Bale and Bartholinus to Ar- and fears of the lower classes concerning nisaeus, we have not seen:-1. Epitome comets. 7. "Das Güldne Horn, &c., eine Metaphysices," Frankfurt, 1606, 8vo. 2. denkwürdige Antiquität," 2 vols., Kiel, 1683, Epitome Doctrinae Physicae," Frankfurt, 4to.; Hamburg, 1703, 4to. The chief sub1607, 8vo. 3. "Disquisitiones de Partûs ject of this work, which contains a vast Humani Legitimis Terminis," Frankfurt, deal of valuable information on Scandinavian 1641, 12mo. 4. "Disputatio de Lue Venerea and Saxon antiquities, is the beautiful golden cognoscenda et curanda," Oppenheim, 1610, horn, of ancient workmanship, which was 4to. (Bayle, Historical and Critical Dic- found in 1639 in a field near Tondern, in the tionary; Albertus Bartholinus, De Scriptis duchy of Schleswig, and which has occupied Danicis; Jöcher, Allgemeines Gelehrten the pen of so many antiquarians, among Lexicon. The Prefaces to the works quoted whom was the celebrated Olaus Worm. 8. above as seen by the writer of this sketch.) "Cimbrische Heiden-Religion," &c., HamW. W. burg, 1691, 4to.; 1703, 4to. This is one of ARNKIEL, TROGILLUS, a divine, was the best commentaries on the ancient religion, born in the middle of the seventeenth century moral, social, and political state of the Saxons, at Tollstedt near Apenrade, in the duchy of the Frisians, the Goths, and the Wendes; it Schleswig. After having finished his prepara- contains many engravings of objects of antory studies in the gymnasium of Lübeck, he tiquity. 9. "Christliche Confirmation der studied divinity and philology in the uni- Catechumenen von der Apostel - Zeit an versities of Leipzig, Dorpat, and Kiel where bisher," &c., Schleswig, 1693, 4to. 10. Der he took the degree of A.M. in 1670. A short Uhralten Mitternächtischen Völker Leben, time afterwards he became minister at the Thaten, und Bekehrung," &c., Hamburg, church called Kloster-Kirche at Apenrade, and 1703, 4to. This is a collection of several in 1672 Christian Albrecht, Duke of Holstein- treatises by the author, on the antiquities, Gottorp, appointed him minister and ecclesias- earlier history, and final conversion of the tical superintendent at Apenrade. The part of nations of Northern Germany. Besides No. the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein which 7 and 8, cited above, it contains "Cimbelonged to Duke Christian Albrecht having brische Heiden-Begräbniss," a treatise on been invaded by King Christian V. of Den- the funeral ceremonies and the tombs of mark, Arnkiel refused to do homage to the those nations, and "Cimbrische Heidenking, by whose order he was deprived of his Bekehrung," a treatise on their conversion office (1684). In 1686 the duke appointed to the Christian faith. Arnkiel left several him superintendent of the Lutheran church MSS. on similar subjects, which have been in Holstein, and after peace was made be- used and published in extract by later writers, tween the duke and the king, in 1689, he as may be seen in Mollerus. A son of Arnreturned to Apenrade, where he held his kiel, Frederick, is said to be the author of former office till his death, in 1713. Arn- "Rettung des ersten Nordischen Christenkiel was a pious, active, and learned man. thums wider Arnold's Verstellung in der He wrote several good works on theological, Kirchen- und Ketzer-Historie," Glückstadt, |