gan to decay. Faint red light is spread around. A feeble voice is heard. The ghost of Calmar came! He stalked dimly along the beam. Dark is the wound in his side. His hair is disordered and loose. Joy sits pale on his face. He seems to invite Cuthullin to his cave.

"Son of the cloudy night!" said the rising chief of Erin. "Why dost thou bend thy dark eyes on me, ghost of the noble Calmar? Wouldst thou frighten me, O Matha's son! from the battles of Cormac? Thy hand was not feeble in war, neither was thy voice for peace. How art thou changed, chief of Lara! if thou now dost advise to fly! But, Calmar, I never fled. I never feared the ghosts of night. Small is their knowledge, weak their hands; their dwelling is in the wind. But my soul grows in danger, and rejoices in the noise of steel. Retire thou to thy cave! Thou art not Calmar's ghost. He delighted in battle. His arm was like the thunder of heaven!" He retired in his blast with joy, for he had heard the voice of his praise.

The faint beam of the morning rose. The sound of Caithbat's buckler spread. Green Erin's warriors convened, like the roar of many streams. The horn of war is heard over Lego. The mighty Torlath came. "Why dost thou come with thy thousands, Cuthullin?" said the chief on Lego. "I know the strength of thy arm. Thy soul is an unextinguished fire. Why fight we not on the plain, and let our hosts behold our deeds? Let them behold us like roaring waves that tumble round a rock; the mariners hasten away, and look on their strife with fear."

"Thou risest like the sun on my soul," replied the son of Semo. "Thine arm is mighty, O Torlath! and worthy of my wrath. Retire, ye men of Ullin, to Slimora's shady side. Behold the chief of Erin in the day of his fame. Carril! tell to mighty Connal, if Cuthullin must fall,-tell him I accused the winds which roar on Togorma's waves. Never was he absent in battle, when the strife of my fame arose. Let his sword be before Cormac like the beam of heaven. Let his counsel sound in Temora, in the day of danger."

He rushed, in the sound of his arms, like the terrible spirit of Loda, when he comes in the roar of a thousand storms, and scatters battles from his eyes. He sits on a cloud over Lochlin's seas. His mighty hand is on his sword. Winds lift his flaming locks! The waning moon half lights his dreadful face. His features, blended in darkness, arise to view. So terrible was Cuthullin in the day of his fame. Torlath fell by his hand. His heroes mourned. They gather round the chief, like the clouds of the desert. A thousand swords rose at once; a thousand arrows flew; but the son of Semo stood like a rock in the midst of a roaring sea. They fell around. He strode in blood. Dark Slimora echoed wide. The sons of Ullin came. The battle spread over Lego. The chief of Erin overcame. He returned over the field with his fame. But pale he returned! The joy of his face was dark. He rolled his eyes in silence. The sword hung, unsheathed, in his hand. His spear bent at every step.

"Carril," said the chief in secret, "the strength of Cuthullin fails.

My days are with the years that are past. No morning of mine shall arise. They shall seek me at Temora, but I shall not be found. Cormac will weep in his hall, and say, 'Where is Erin's chief ?' But my name is renowned! my fame in the song of bards. The youth will say in secret, 'O let me die as Cuthullin died! Renown clothed him like a robe. The light of his fame is great.' Draw the arrow from my side. Lay Cuthullin beneath that oak. Place the shield of Cathba near, that they may behold me amidst the arms of my fathers!"

66

And is the son of Semo fallen?" said Carril with a sigh. "Mournful are Tura's walls. Sorrow dwells at Dunscaith. Thy spouse is left alone in her youth. The son of thy love is alone! He shall come to Bragela, and ask her why she weeps. He shall lift his eyes to the wall, and see his father's sword. 'Whose sword is that?' he will say. The soul of his mother is sad." ...

By the dark rolling waves of Lego they raised the hero's tomb. Luath at a distance lies. The song of bards rose over the dead.

"Blest be thy soul, son of Semo! Thou wert mighty in battle. Thy strength was like the strength of a stream; thy speed like the eagle's wing. Thy path in battle was terrible; the steps of death were behind. thy sword. Blest be thy soul, son of Semo, car-borne chief of Dunscaith! Thou hast not fallen by the sword of the mighty, neither was thy blood on the spear of the brave. The arrow came, like the sting of death in a blast; nor did the feeble hand which drew the bow perceive it. Peace to thy soul, in thy cave, chief of the isle of mist!"..

BIOGRAPHICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

NOTES

[The outline biographies that follow are in most cases abridged from the Dictionary of National Biography. Particular references to this are to "D. N. B." The bibliographical notes make no pretension to completeness, but are intended to suggest texts and critical references convenient for the student. In addition to the books mentioned under particular authors, the following are of use for the whole period: Gosse's Eighteenth Century Literature; T. S. Perry's English Literature of the Eighteenth Century; Dennis's The Age of Pope; Seccombe's The Age of Johnson; Leslie Stephen's English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century and History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century; and Lecky's History of England in the Eighteenth Century.

References are not given for Cowper, Gray, and Pope, as these are more properly treated in the collections covering eighteenth-century poetry.]

JOSEPH ADDISON was born at Milston, Wiltshire, May 1, 1672. He attended the Charterhouse School and Queen's College, Oxford (M. A., 1693); held a fellowship till 1711; experimented in poetical composition, some of his writings being included by Dryden in his Miscellany Poems, 1693-94; traveled on the Continent, 16991703; became Under-Secretary of State, 1705; Member of Parliament from 1708 till his death; was the centre of the group of wits that frequented Button's coffee-house, an establishment founded by a protégé of Addison's about 1711; married the Countess of Warwick, 1716; retired from government service in 1718, with a pension of £1500; died June 17, 1719. Addison's writings include The Campaign, a poem on the battle of Blenheim, 1704; Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, 1705; Fair Rosamond, the text of an opera, 1707; contributions to The Tatler, 1709-10, The Spectator, 1711-12 (see the note on page 141), The Guardian, 1713, The Spectator continued, 1714, and The Freeholder, 1716; Cato, a tragedy, 1713; The Drummer, a comedy (not acknowledged), 1716; besides Latin poems, political pamphlets, and other periodical writings.

Addison's Works are collected in six volumes, in both an English and an American edition of 1856. There are also many separate editions of The Spectator, of which the best is that published by Dent in 1898. This and the other periodicals with which Addison was connected are also conveniently found in Chalmers's British Essayists. Good selections from Addison's prose have been made by T. Arnold (Clarendon Press), Wendell and Greenough (Ginn and Co., Boston), and E. B. Reed (Holt, N. Y.). Dr. Johnson's Life of Addison is still standard. More recent biographies are those of Leslie Stephen in the D. N. B., and of W. J. Courthope in the Men of Letters series. For criticism, see the introductions to the three volumes of selections mentioned above, and the three biographies; also Minto's

Manual of English Prose Literature. Other critical accounts are Hazlitt's (in English Comic Writers), Thackeray's (in English Humourists), and Macaulay's. An important account of Addison's relation to the literary conditions of his time is found in Beljame's Le Public et les Hommes de Lettres au Dixhuitième Siècle.

GEORGE BERKELEY was born in Ireland, March 12, 1685. He attended Trinity College, Dublin (B. A., 1704); became a fellow; studied natural science and philosophy with much zeal, and pub. lished three works setting forth a new theory, sometimes called monistic idealism; became junior dean and Greek Lecturer at Trinity; visited England, 1713, making the acquaintance of Addison, Steele, and Pope; was chaplain to the ambassador to Sicily, and traveling tutor to a young gentleman; became Dean of Derry, 1724; sailed to America, 1728, remaining three years in Rhode Island; planned a Christian college for the Bermudas, but failed to receive the necessary support; became Bishop of Cloyne, 1734; retired to Oxford, 1752, and died there, January 14, 1753. Berkeley's chief writings are: Essay towards a New Theory of Vision, 1709; Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710; Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, 1713; Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, 1732; The Querist, 1735-37; Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar-Water, 1744.

The Life and Letters of Berkeley, by A. C. Fraser (Oxford, 1871), is the standard biography. Fraser also edited Berkeley's Works in 1901. The Dialogues are published separately in the Bohn Library. On Berkeley's prose style one may profitably read the introductory note by Saintsbury, in Craik's English Prose, volume iv.

LORD BOLINGBROKE (HENRY ST. JOHN) was born at Battersea, October, 1678; attended Eton; led a life of much dissipation; was elected Member of Parliament, 1700, and became a Tory leader, being eventually Secretary at War and Secretary of State; was made Viscount Bolingbroke in 1712; lost his office on the accession of George I; was impeached and attainted by the new Whig Parliament, and fled to France, 1714; became Secretary of State to James the Pretender, but was dismissed in 1716; being pardoned in 1723, he returned to England, and again engaged in politics; became an intimate of the poet Pope; retired again to France in 1735, spending most of his time there till his final return to England in 1743 or 1744; lived in retirement till his death on December 12, 1751. Bolingbroke's writings include many pamphlets; among the most important of those published in his lifetime are the Letter on the Spirit of Patriotism and The Idea of a Patriot King, 1749; after his death appeared Letters on the Study and Use of History, The True Use of Retirement and Study, Reflections upon Exile, Reflections on the State of the Nation, Essays addressed to Alexander Pope, and others.

There is no collected edition of Bolingbroke's works. The best