For NG, n in languid, linguist.

For SH, ci in social; ch in chaise; si in pension; 8 in sure; s

in issue; ti in notion.

For CH, ti in fustion, mixtion.

B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R, have no substitutes.

II.-Avoid the suppression of a syllable; as,

III.-Avoid the omission of any sound properly belonging

IV. Avoid the substitution of one sound for another; as,

Feb-u-a-ry

QUESTIONS.-What letters have no substitutes? What error in Articulation would be avoided by the observance of direction II.? Give examples. What, by direction III. Examples. What, by direction IV. Examples.

V.-Produce the sounds denoted by the following combinations of consonants:

Let the pupil first produce the sounds of the letters, and then the word, or words, in which they occur. Be careful to give a clear and distinct enunciation to every letter.

1. Bd, as in rob'd; bdst, prob'dst; bl, bland, able; bld, humbl'd; bldst, troubl'dst; blst, troubl'st; blz, crumbles; br, brand; bz, ribs.

2. Ch, as in church; cht, fetch'd.

3. Dj, as in edge; djd, hedg'd; dl, bridle; dld, riddl'd; dlst, handl'st; dlz, bundles; dn, hard'n; dr, drove; dth, width; dths, breadths; dz, odds.

4. Fl, as in flame; fld, rifl'd; flst, stifl'st; flz, rifles; fr, from; fs, quaffs, laughs; fst, laugh'st, quaff'st; ft, raft; fts, wafts; ftst, graft'st.

5. Gd, as in begg'd; gdst, bragg'dst; gl, glide; gld, struggľ'd; gldst, haggl'dst; glst, strangl'st; glz, mingles; gr, grove; gst, begg'st; gz, figs.

6. Kl, as in uncle, ankle; kld, trickl'd; kldst, truckl'dst; klst, chuckl'st; klz, wrinkles; kn, black'n; knd, reck'n'd; kndst, reck'n'dst; knst, black'n'st; knz, reck'ns; kr, crank; ks, checks; kt, act.

6. Lb, as in bulb; lbd, bulb'd; lbs, bulbs; lch, filch; lcht, belch'd; ld, hold; ldst, fold'st; ldz, holds; lf, self; lfs, gulfs; lj, bulge; lk, elk; lks, silks; lkt, milk'd; lkts, mulcts; lm, elm; nd, whelm'd; Imz, films; In, fall'n; lp, help; lps, scalps; Ipst, help'st; ls, false; lst, call'st; lt, melt; lth, health: lths, stealths; lts, colts; lv, delve; lod, shelv'd; loz, elves; lz, halls.

8. Md, as in doom'd; mf, triumph; mp, hemp; mpt, tempt; mpts, attempts; mst, entomb'st; mz, tombs.

9. Nch, as in bench; ncht, pinch'd; nd, and; ndst, end'st; nda. ends; ng, sung; ngd, bang'd; ngth, length; ngz, songs; nj, range; njd, rang'd; nk, ink; nks, ranks; nkst, thank'st; nst, winc'd; nt, sent; nts, rents; ntst, went'st; nz, runs.

10. Pl, as in plume; pld, rippl'd; plst, rippl'st; plz, apples; pr, prince; ps, sips; pst, rapp'st.

11. Rb, as in herb; rch, search; rcht, church'd; rbd, orb'd; rbdst, barb'dst; rbst, disturb'st; rbz, orbs; rd, hard; rdst, heard'st, rdz, words; rf, turf; rft, scarf'd; rg, burg; rgz, burgs; rj, dirge; rjd, urg'd; rk, ark; rks, arks; rkst, work'st; rkt, dirk'd; rktst, embark'dst; rl, girl; rld, world; rldst, hurld'st; rlst, whirl'st; rlz, hurls; rm, arm; rmd, arm'd; rmdst, harm'dst; rmst, arm'st; rmz, charms; rn, turn; rnd, turn'd; rndst, earn'dst; rnst, learn'st; rnz, urns; rp, carp; rps, harps; rpt, warp'd; rs, verse; rsh, harsh; rst, first; rsts, bursts; rt, dart; rth, earth; rths, births; rts, marts; rtst, dart'st; rv, curve ; rvd, nerv'd; rvdst, curv'dst ; rvst, swerv'st; roz, nerves; rz, errs.

12. Sh, as in ship; sht, hush'd; sk, scan, skip; sks, tusks; skst,

frisk'st; skt, risk'd; sl, slow; sld, nestl'd; slz, wrestles ; sm, smile; sn, snag; sp, sport; sps, lisps; spt, clasp'd; st, stag; str, strike; sts, rests; sw, swing.

13. Th, as in thine, thin; thd, breath'd; thr, three; that, breath'st; thw, thwack; the, writhes; tl, title; tld, settl'd; tldst, settl'dst; tlst, settl'st; tle, nettles; tr, trunk; ts, fits; tw, twirl.

14. Vd, as in curv'd; vdst, liv'dst: vl, driv'l; vld, grov'l'd; vldst, grov'l'dst; vlst, driv'l'st; vn, driv'n; vst, liv'st; vz, lives.

15. Wh, as in when, where.

16. Zd, as in mus'd; zl, dazzle; eld, muzel'd; eldst, dazzl'dst; elst, dazzl'st; elz, muzzles; zm, spasm; zmz, chasms; zn, ris'n; 2nd, reas'n'd; znz, pris'nz; endst, impris'n'dst.

VI.—Avoid blending the termination of one word with the beginning of another, or suppressing the final letter or letters of one word, when the next word commences with a similar sound.

QUESTION.-What error in Articulation would be avoided by the ob servance of direction VI. Give examples.

NOTE.-By an indistinct Articulation the sense of a pas sage is often liable to be perverted.

EXAMPLES.

1. He built him an ice house.

He built him a nice house.

2. My heart is awed within me. My heart is sawed within me.

3. A great error often exists. A great terror often exists.

4. He is content in either situation.

He is content in neither situation.

5. Whom ocean feels through all her countless waves. Who motion feels through all her countless waves.

6. My brothers ought to owe nothing.
My brothers sought to own nothing.

7. He was called by his father's name.
He was scalled by his father's name.
8. We traveled o'er fields of ice and snow.
We traveled o'er fields of vice sand snow

9. He was trained in the religion of his fathers.
He was strained in the religion of his fathers.

1. The hights, depths, lengths, and breadths of the subjet.
2. The flag of freedom floats once more aloft.

3. It was decidedly the severest storm of the season.
4. She sought shelter from the sunshine in the shade.
5. His shriveled limbs were shivering with the cold.

QUESTION.-HOW, by indistinct articulation, is the sense of a passage hable to be perverted? Give examples.

6. A big black bug bit a big black bear.

7. Round the rough and rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran

8. He sawed six long, slim, sleek, slender saplings.

9.

Slowly and sadly we laid him down,

From the field of his fame fresh and gory.

10. From thy throne in the sky, thou look'st and laugh'st at the storm, and guid'st the bolts of Jove.

11. The unceremoniousness of their communicability is wholly inexplicable.

12. The best of all governments in this badly governed world, is a republican government.

13. When the world is dark with tempests, when thunders roll and lightnings fly, thou lookest in thy beauty from the clouds, and laughest at the storm.

14.

The hidden ocean showed itself anew,

And barren wastes still stole upon the view.

15. He spoke disinterestedly, reasonably, philosophically, particularly, peremptorily, authoritatively, unhesitatingly, and extemporaneously. His falchion flashed along the Nile;

16.

His hosts he led through Alpine snows;
O'er Moscow's towers that blazed the while,
His eagle flag unrolled and froze.

SECTION II.

ACCENT AND EMPHASIS.

ACCENT and EMPHASIS both indicate some special stress of voice.

ACCENT is that stress of voice by which one syllable of a word is made more prominent than others; EMPHASIS is that stress of voice by which one or more words of a sentence are distinguished above the rest.

QUESTIONS.-What do Accent and Emphasis indicate? What is Accent? What is Emphasis?